专业硕士招生：红火中警惕隐忧 Professional master recruit students:The red alert malaises

　　从2013年硕士研究生报考情况看，专业硕士越来越来为大多数考生所重视，专业硕士教育越来越红火。我国专业硕士教育发展态势稳健，社会需求强劲，但其自身、特别是专业硕士教育的实施环节仍存在一些不可忽视的问题，必须采取有效措施防止出现偏差。

From 2013 master graduate student to enter oneself for an examination case,Professional master's more and more to the most attention,Master of professional education is becoming more and more prosperous.Our country professional master's education development trend robust,Social demand is strong,But its own/Especially in the implementation of the professional master education link there are still some problems that cannot be ignored,Must take effective measures to prevent deviation.

专业硕士招生越来越红火 Professional master recruit students more and more prosperous

　　专业学位是针对社会特定职业领域的需要，培养具有较强的专业能力和职业素养、能够创造性地从事实际工作的高层次应用型专门人才而设置的一种学位类型。据有关部门统计，2012年全国报考研究生人数为165万，其中报考专业硕士人数达43.7万，占报考人数的26.4%。专业学位研究生招生数量达到19万，招生比例提高到36%。专业硕士越来越来为大多数考生所重视，专业硕士教育越来越红火。

Professional degree is according to the needs of social specific profession,Culture has strong professional ability and professional quality/Can creatively is engaged in the practical work of the high-level professionals and set a degree types.According to concerning sectional statistic,The 2012 national enter oneself for an examination the graduate student number for 1.65 million,Among them enter oneself for an examination professional master's toll to 437000,Accounted for 26.4% of the number of enter oneself for an examination.Professional degrees of graduate student recruit students number to 190000,The recruitment of students proportion increased from 36% to.Professional master's more and more to the most attention,Master of professional education is becoming more and more prosperous.

　　我国自1990年开始试办专业学位教育，截至目前，国务院学位委员会已批准设置了38个硕士专业学位和4个博士专业学位。据调查，2009年在全国招收的40多万研究生中，专业硕士仅占到大约10%。2011年全国报考151.2万考生中，学术型考生120.6万，比2010年增加1.2万人，增幅1%，报考专业研究生的达30.5万人，比2010年增加11.6万人，增幅达61.4%；同年，我国专业学位研究生招生数量达到15.9万，在研究生总数中所占比例达到32%。

Our country since 1990 pilot professional degree education,So far,The state council degree committee has approved set up and a master's degree and four doctor degree.According to the survey,In 2009, the national recruit more than 40 in the graduate student,Professional master's only account for about 10%.In 2011 the examinee enter oneself for an examination in 1.512 million,Academic type examinee 1.206 million,More than 2010 an increase of 12000 people,1%,Enter oneself for an examination professional graduate students up to 305000 people,More than 2010 an increase of 116000 people,Growing by 61.4%;In the same year,Our country professional degrees of graduate student recruit students number to 159000,In the graduate students in the total number of 32%.

　　近年来，我国专业硕士教育得以快速发展的原因，主要体现在以下几方面：

In recent years,Our country professional master's education to the cause of the rapid development,Mainly reflected in the following respects:

　　首先是适应我国经济增长方式转变的需要。从2008年全球金融危机，到2010年欧洲主权债务危机，客观上对推进我国社会经济转型升级形成了压力。同时，经过30多年的改革开放和建设发展，我国经济结构也进入了调整和转型期，职业分化越来越细，职业种类越来越多，技术含量越来越高，有力促进了我国产业由来料加工向“中国制造”的转变，促进了我国经济增长方式主要由规模投资向依靠科技水平和劳动力素质提高的转变，促进了我国由制造大国向创新大国的转变。社会在经济、管理、工程、建筑、医学、法律、教育、农业等专业领域对高级应用型人才的需求越来越强烈。而具有较强专业能力和职业素养、能够创造性地从事实际工作的高层次应用型专门人才专业硕士，正好顺应了时代要求，满足了社会经济建设对高层次应用型创新人才的需要。

The first is to adapt to China's economic growth mode transformation needs.From 2008 the global financial crisis,To the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis,Objective to promote the transformation and upgrading of China's social and economic formation pressure.At the same time,After 30 years of reform and opening up and construction and development,China's economic structure also entered the adjustment and transformation,Vocational differentiation is more and more fine,Professional species more and more,More and more high technology content,Powerful promotes the our country industry to the processing"Made in China"change,Promote the mode of economic growth in our country mainly by scale investment to rely on scientific and technological level and improve the quality of labor force transformation,Promoted by the manufacturing power in our country to the transformation of innovation country.Society in the economic/management/engineering/building/medical/law/education/Agriculture and so on specialized field for advanced applied talents demand is more and more intense.And with strong professional ability and professional quality/Can creatively is engaged in the practical work of the professional master high-level professionals,Just go with the time request,To meet the social economic construction to the needs of high-level innovative talents.

　　其次是适应了我国人才队伍结构调整的需要。我国传统的硕士研究生教育的主要任务是培养学术性人才，为高校和科研院所输送从事教学和科研的人才，而对高层次应用型人才的培养成为我国培养领域的空缺，使我国人才队伍金字塔的结构出现了断层。专业硕士主要培养具有丰富专业知识、在行业部门具有一定创造能力的高层次应用型人才，正好填补了我国中高级应用型人才的空缺，使我国人才队伍结构层次日臻完整。

The second is adapted to our country talent team structure adjustment needs.Our traditional master graduate student education is the main task of the academic talents training,For universities and scientific research institutions conveying engaged in the teaching and the scientific research personnel,For high-level talents become our country culture field of vacancy,China talent team pyramid structure appeared fault.Professional master's main culture has rich professional knowledge/The industry department has certain creativity of high-level talents,Just fill the vacancy in senior applied talents,In our country talents structure levels and complete.

　　再其次是适应了研究生教育多样化发展的需要。社会的多元化，决定了社会对研究生教育层次、教育类型需求的多元化。研究生教育被区分为专业硕士和学术硕士(包括专业博士和学术博士)，不仅有利于硕士研究生培养模式的改革，加大高层次应用型人才培养力度，促进人才培养与社会需求的有效衔接，丰富研究生教育的结构和类型，提高研究生教育质量，而且有利于高等教育深化改革，积极主动满足经济社会建设的需要，提高研究生教育服务经济社会发展的功能和效益。

The third is to meet the needs of the development of graduate education diversification.The diversification of social,Determine social to the graduate student education level/The diversification of education type demand.Postgraduate education is divided into professional master's and academic master(Dr. Including professional and academic doctor),Is not only beneficial to master graduate student training mode reform,Increase high-level personnel training efforts,The improvement of talent training and social needs of the effective connection,Rich graduate student education structure and type,To improve the quality of graduate education,And be helpful for higher education deepening reform,Actively meet the needs of economic and social construction,Improve the graduate student education service economy social development function and efficiency.

四方面问题不可忽视 Four aspects of problems can not be ignored

　　虽然我国专业硕士教育发展态势稳健，社会需求强劲，但其自身、特别是专业硕士教育的实施环节仍存在一些不可忽视的隐忧。

Although our country's professional master's education development trend robust,Social demand is strong,But its own/Especially in the implementation of the professional master education link still has some worry that cannot be ignored.

　　一是社会认同度不高。一方面是仍有相当部分考生对专业硕士研究生教育类型不够理解、不够认同。有的考生是因报考学术型硕士落榜后而被调剂到专业硕士，有的考生是因感到自身竞争力不够，勉强报考了专业硕士。即使获得专业硕士学位的毕业生，在学术型硕士面前也自觉低人一等，聊以“山寨研究生”解嘲。另一方面是由于大规模的专业硕士教育，其含金量与认可度在社会上还有一个检验认定的过程，还有一个认识接受的过程。

One is the social identities is not high.On the one hand is still has quite part of the candidates for the professional master graduate student education type is not enough understanding/Enough identity.Some examinee enter oneself for an examination for academic type master after failed and is adjusted to the professional master,Some candidates for feel their own competitive power is not enough,Forced to enter oneself for an examination professional master.Even for professional master's degree graduates,In the academic type before master consciousness inferior to others,Reach the"Graduate fortress"could.On the other hand is due to large-scale professional postgraduate education,The gold content and approval in society and a test a recognition process,There is a known accept process.

　　二是培养模式不够成熟。有的高校对学术型与专业型硕士教学实行同一个课表、同一个导师、同一个培养计划；在师资方面，学术导师换个名称就成了专业硕士导师。不少专业硕导还是根据过去培养学术型研究生的经验和方式来培养专业学位研究生。有的高校在专业硕士培养过程中，只有学术指导教师，没有实践性指导教师，师资配置不到位成了高校难以建立有效培养模式的重要原因；还有的高校在专业硕士培养过程中，对实践应用性环节重视不够，实习时间安排较短，不能充分体现专业硕士教育的特点和优势。

The second is training mode is not mature.Some universities in academic type and professional master's teaching practice the same schedule/The same teacher/The same training plan;In the teaching aspects,Academic teachers change the name became professional master tutor.Many professional tutors or according to the past culture academic type graduate experience and ways to cultivate specialized degree graduate student.Some colleges and universities in the process of cultivation of professional master,Only academic advisor,No practical guidance teachers,Teachers configuration does not reach the designated position became the difficult to establish effective training model of the important reasons;Other universities in the process of cultivation of professional master,The practice application links do not pay enough attention,Practice time is short,Can not fully reflect the professional master education features and advantages.

　　三是个别高校办学目的不明确，办学态度不端正。他们没有把发展专业硕士教育当作培养高层次应用人才的教育教学活动，而是把扩招专业硕士作为学校创收的手段和途径。从而在教育教学过程中，采取敷衍塞责、得过且过的应付态度。

The third is individual universities purpose is not clear,School's not the right attitude.They have no the development of professional master's education as cultivation of high-level application talents education teaching activities,But the enrollment professional master as the school creates income means and approaches.Thus in the education teaching process,Take perfunctoriness/Muddle along cope with the attitude.

　　四是推广手段过于行政化。在专业硕士教育扩招和推广过程中，基本是按照上级指令和下达的硬性指标，以“一刀切”的方式，要求高校每年按照要求完成专业硕士招生计划，同时减少学术型研究生招生计划，完成专业硕士的扩招任务。这种行政指令方式虽然有利于专业硕士教育的迅速推广和发展，但对各地、特别是各校的条件、优势与特点等方面顾及不够，容易形成千校一面的同质化培养模式，不利于调动高校参与的积极性。

Four is to promote the administrative means too.In the professional master education enrollment expansion and promotion process,Basic is according to the superior instruction and ratification of the rigid index,to"One size fits all"way,Every year in accordance with the requirements for the complete professional master recruit students to plan,At the same time reduce the academic type of graduate student recruit students plan,Complete professional master's expansion task.This kind of administrative instruction mode although to professional education master the rapid promotion and development,But for all/Especially in the condition of the schools/Advantages and characteristics of not enough,Easy to form thousand school side of the homogenization training mode,To mobilize the enthusiasm of the college take part in.

如何保障健康快速发展 How to guarantee the healthy and rapid development

　　为克服我国专业硕士教育发展面临的困难，促进我国专业硕士教育健康快速发展，笔者认为，在坚持正确导向的同时，还应加强以下几方面的工作：

In order to overcome the professional education development in our country of difficulties,Promote professional master's education, healthy and quick development,The author thinks that,Insist on the correct direction at the same time,Also should strengthen the work of the following aspects:

　　一是高校主导。高校主导是相对于政府主导而言的。到目前为止，推动我国专业硕士教育发展的主要动力是政府，政府通过政策杠杆主导着我国专业硕士教育发展的速度和规模。鉴于目前我国专业硕士招生比例已经达全日制硕士招生总人数35%的份额的情况下，应充分发挥高校的主导作用，专业硕士教育的发展动力应由政府主导转变为高校主导，把高校变为推进专业硕士教育发展的主导力量。高校作为独立的法人，应该发挥自身的办学自主权，发挥自己学科的优势，有权决定专业的设置问题。对于一些学术型大学来讲，也不一定所有专业都要招收专业硕士。而有的高校依据自身情况，完全可以只开展专业硕士的培养。总之，要依据高校的定位、学科专长与优势，充分调动高校的积极性，鼓励高校根据自身优势和特色学科，开办有特色的专业硕士教育，从而促进我国专业硕士教育事业的繁荣和发展。

One is the dominant.The dominant is relative to the government leading character.So far,Promote the development of professional master education the main power is the government,The government through the policy lever dominated China professional master's education development speed and scale.In view of at present our country professional master's recruitment of students scale has been up to full-time master recruit students 35% share of the total number of cases,We should give full play to the leading role of the university,The development of professional master education by the government power should be the leading into the dominant,The university to promote professional education development of the dominant force.University as an independent legal person,Should exert its school-running autonomy,Play the advantage of subject,Have the right to decide the professional set problem.For some academic type university speaking,Are not all major will recruit professional master.And some universities according to their own situation,Can only carry out the cultivation of professional master.In a word,Must be based on the orientation of university/Area of specialization and advantages,Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the university,Encourage universities according to their own advantages and characteristic discipline,Set up a unique professional postgraduate education,Thus promotes our country professional master education career development and prosperity.

　　二是学生主体。在这里，学生主体的意思就是把每一个专业硕士都当做具有较强专业能力和职业素养、能够创造性地从事实际工作的高层次应用型专门人才来进行培养。主办高校不能只根据现有师资力量和导师的研究方向来设置专业硕士的培养，还要根据专业硕士的职业需要来设置培养方向和聘任老师，课程教案也要根据行业最新变化和产业需求来及时调整。要重点推进专业硕士培养理念、培养模式和管理机制的创新与转变，努力探索专业硕士教育发展的新途径。

The second is the student main body.here,The student main body means the every professional master are as strong professional ability and professional quality/Can creatively is engaged in the practical work of the high-level professionals to culture.The university can not only according to the existing teachers and teachers research direction to set the cultivation of professional master,Also according to the professional master's career need to set the training direction and the employment teacher,Lesson notes will according to the recent changes to the industry and industry needs to adjust.Will focus on promoting professional master culture idea/Training mode and the innovation of the management mechanism and change,Efforts to explore the professional master's education development of the new way.

　　三是加强师资队伍建设。随着高校服务社会功能的增加，为社会培养和输送一定数量的创新型应用人才也就成为了高校的使命。这就要求专业硕士的师资队伍要相应强化业务领域的教学。我国传统的硕士研究生教育，教学上以理论为主。学术硕士培养模式更多是“老师能教什么，学生就学什么”，很少考虑学生希望学什么或需要什么，这在一定程度上造成了学术硕士教育与社会人才需求相脱节的局面。因此，专业硕士教育最重要的就是构建“双师型”的师资队伍，大力引进既有理论水平又有实践经验的优秀人才从事专业学位教育工作，其承担专业课程教学的比例应不低于三分之一。随着专业学位研究生比例的增加，建设一支高素质的导师队伍已成为一项十分紧迫的任务。

Three is to strengthen the construction of teachers' team.With the increase of the social function of college service,For the social culture and conveying a certain number of innovative application talents also become the university's mission.This requires professional master of teachers to the corresponding strengthening business areas of teaching.Our traditional master graduate student education,Teaching in theory is given priority to.Academic master training mode is more"The teacher can teach,Students learn what",Seldom consider students hoped to learn what or need,This to a certain extent caused the academic master education and social talents demands of the situation.therefore,Professional master's education is the most important thing is to construct"double-quality"Faculty team,Vigorously introduce both theoretical level and practical experience of excellent personnel engaged in professional degree education work,The professional course for the proportion of teaching should be not less than one-third.With the increase of the proportion of graduate student degree,Build a high-quality teachers team has become a very urgent task.

　　四是质量体系建设。对于专业硕士教育来说，加强专业硕士教育的质量管理，关键是要做好教育质量保障体系建设。充分发挥全国专业学位研究生教育指导委员会的作用，在指导委员会下建立各学科专业认证专家组，具体负责制定专业硕士教育学科专业的认证标准、专业学位教育质量标准和检验方法。各学科专业认证专家组要根据行业标准，定期对高校具体的学科专业教育进行评价；建立专业硕士研究生教育的质量监控机制。要充分发挥政府管理部门、社会中介机构、用人单位和公共媒体的独特作用，在建立教育内部评估机制的同时，还要建立社会中介机构评估和社会舆论评估相结合的评估体系；建立专业硕士教育的办学新模式和课程体系。专业硕士主办院校要依据专业硕士学位培养目标和教育规律出发，积极推动专业硕士教育的招生考试制度改革，探索适合专业硕士教育特点、有利于选拔培养应用型专门人才的考试办法，探索专业硕士教育管理新机制，包括教学基础设施以及教学实践基地的建设、把专业学位毕业生纳入与学术型研究生相同的就业政策范畴等。在专业硕士招生中，要尽量发挥高校的优势、特色、专长和潜力，尽可能培养更多的应用型人才。(王志武 作者系湖北省教育考试院博士)

The fourth is the quality system construction.For professional education for master,Strengthen professional postgraduate education quality management,The key is to make education quality guarantee system construction.Give full play to the national professional degrees graduate education steering committee role,In the steering committee set up under the discipline professional certification experts,Be responsible for making specific professional master education discipline professional certification standard/Professional degree education quality standards and inspection method.Interdisciplinary professional certification experts according to the industry standard,On a regular basis the specific subject professional education evaluation;Establish professional master graduate student education quality monitoring mechanism.To give full play to the government management departments/Social intermediary organizations/Unit of choose and employ persons and public media unique function,In establishing education internal evaluation mechanism at the same time,To establish a social intermediary organizations evaluation and social evaluation of public opinion the combination of evaluation system;Establish professional education of the new mode and curriculum system.The master of professional colleges and universities needs to be based on the professional master degree education target and education based on law,Actively promote professional education master of the recruitment of students test system reform,To explore the professional master education characteristics/To cultivate applied talents selection test method,Explore the professional master education management mechanism,Including teaching infrastructure and the construction of the teaching practice base/The professional degree graduates into and academic type graduate student of the same employment policy category, etc.In the professional master's enrolment,To try to play the advantages of university/characteristics/Expertise and potential,As far as possible cultivate more talents.(The author is WangZhiWu hubei education examination yuan doctor)