11月24日，贵州毕节，山沟里的孩子。父母靠捡垃圾养家糊口，5个孩子由年迈的奶奶来照顾。 新京报记者 周岗峰 摄 On November 24,,Guizhou bijie,The children in the valley.Parents rely on picking up litter support a family,Five children by old grandma to take care of. The Beijing news reporter ZhouGang peak perturbation

　　11月20日，世界“儿童权利日”前夕，贵州毕节5名儿童在垃圾箱内生火取暖，意外中毒死亡。

On November 20th,The world"Children's rights,"eve,Guizhou bijie five children in the garbage lit the fire,Accidental poisoning death.

　　在国内，因对儿童监护失职发生的悲剧并非此一例。

In the domestic,Due to the child care dereliction of duty happen tragedy is not the case.

　　对儿童的监护权，现行《刑法》规定有“遗弃罪”和“虐待罪”，对不抚养或虐待家庭成员的，要追究刑事责任，不过该罪名在现实中面临着执行难度。民法中确定了监护制度，然而具体规定却并不明晰。

For custody of the children,current[Criminal law]Provisions have"Crime of abandonment"and"Crime of abuse",To bring up to or maltreatment of family members,To be investigated for criminal responsibility,But the charges in the reality facing the difficulty of the implementation.In civil law determine the guardianship system,However specific provision is not clear.

　　另外,《未成年人保护法》规定，法院可以根据有关人员和有关单位的申请剥夺父母的监护权，但如何剥夺，谁是请求人，剥夺以后由谁来监护等配套规定并不明确。

In addition,[The law on the protection of minors]provisions,The court may, according to relevant personnel and related units application deprivation parents custody,But how to deprive,Who is the person making the request,After deprived by who to monitor and other supporting regulations is not clear.

　　11月16日，贵州毕节5男孩被发现死在垃圾桶里，据了解，5名死亡男孩是堂兄弟，分别来自3个家庭，一家父母在家务农，其余两家父母均外出在深圳务工。

November 16,Guizhou bijie 5 boy was found dead in the trash,It is understood,Five death boys are Cousins,Were from three families,A parents at home soil,The rest of the two parents are out work in shenzhen.

　　这5个孩子，或辍学，或因没有户口上不了学，只有一个孩子在读书。

The five children,Or drop out,Or because of no account couldn't go to school,Only one child in reading.

　　其中上学的孩子在11月5日被发现没有到校，家长也不知道孩子在哪儿。

The children go to school on November 5, was found not to school,Parents also don't know where is the child.

　　媒体报道称，死者的叔叔说：“本来农活就忙，我自己还有7个孙子，实在顾不过来他们。”他给在外务工的弟弟、弟媳打电话，告诉他们孩子离家出走，电话那头回答：“实在管不住就不管了，管他们是死是活。”

Media reports say,The dead man's uncle said:"Originally farm work is busy,I have seven grandchildren,Really don't come over to them."He gave out the younger brother of workers/Sister in law call,Tell their children away from home,Telephone that head answer:"Not really tube is whether the,Tube they are dead or alive."

　　据此有人提出，是否可以追究孩子家长的刑事责任？因为刑法中有“遗弃罪”。

Accordingly put forward some,Whether can parents shall be investigated for criminal responsibility?Because of the criminal law"Crime of abandonment".

　　11月23日，贵州省政法委书记、公安厅长崔亚东说，对于父母或其他监护人不依法履行监护责任或者侵害未成年人权益且情节严重的，公安机关要予以训诫，责令其改正；构成违反治安管理条例的，要依法给予行政处罚。

Nov. 23,,Guizhou province politics and law committee secretary/The public security director CuiYaDong said,For parents or other guardians not to perform their guardianship liability or enroach on minors rights and if the circumstances are serious,The public security organ to be admonished,Shall order them to rectify the situation;Constitutes a violation of public security management regulations,To shall be given administrative punishment.

　　对此，北京青少年法律援助与研究中心副主任张文娟解读说，予以训诫的依据可能来自于《未成年人保护法》关于“批评教育”的规定，行政处罚的依据是《治安管理处罚法》。

this,Beijing youth legal aid and research center deputy director wang said interpretation,Be reprimanded basis may come from[The law on the protection of minors]about"Criticism education"regulations,The basis for administrative penalty is[The security administration punishment law].

　　不过，张文娟认为，这种处罚并不够，停留在“表态”和“宣示”层面上，法律对监护不力行为，干预力度很小，真正受到处罚的少之又少。

but,Wang, think,This kind of punishment and not enough,Stay in"declare"and"declare"level,For lack of legal custody behavior,Intervention strength is small,Real punished less and less.

　　

刑法的规定“很滑稽” The provisions of the criminal law"Very funny"

　　

相关规定源于缺乏“儿童视角”，立法没有考虑到儿童作为未成年人的特殊性 The relevant provisions from the lack of"Children perspective",Legislation did not consider that children as the particularity of minors

　　如果有父母对未成年子女拒不抚养，或殴打子女，造成严重后果，按照《刑法》怎么来处罚？

If there are parents to minor children refused to raise,Or beating children,Serious consequences,According to the[Criminal law]How to punish the?

　　《刑法》规定有“遗弃罪”和“虐待罪”：对不抚养或虐待家庭成员的，要追究刑事责任。在法律中，这是对父母或其他监护人的最重处罚。

[Criminal law]Provisions have"Crime of abandonment"and"Crime of abuse":To bring up to or maltreatment of family members,To be investigated for criminal responsibility.In law,This is the parents or other guardians of the heaviest punishment.

　　不过，该罪名在现实中面临着执行难度。虐待罪，除非致人重伤或死亡，否则将是自诉案件，即公安和检察院一般不会介入，需要被害人直接向法院提起诉讼。

but,The charges in the reality facing the difficulty of the implementation.Crime of abuse,Unless cause serious injury or death,Otherwise, will be a case of private prosecution,That is the public security and procuratorate generally does not involve the,The victims need directly to the court.

　　在她看来，这样的规定“很滑稽”，也导致根本不可能落实。

In her eyes,The provisions of this"Very funny",Also lead to impossible to implement.

　　张文娟说，父母是他的法定监护人，同时又是伤害他的人。“试想，一个几岁的孩子，他怎么可能有意识有能力去搜集证据，证明自己的父母构成虐待罪？”

Wang said,Parents are his legal guardian,At the same time, people who hurt him."Just think,A few years old children,How could he conscious have the ability to collect evidence,To prove his parents constitute a crime of abuse?"

　　张文娟认为，刑法规定自诉的初衷，是给家庭成员一个选择权，尽量不破坏家庭关系，毕竟孩子还是跟着父母好，老人还是跟着孩子好。

Wang, think,The original intention of private prosecution criminal law,Is given to family members a option,Try not to break the family relationship,After all, children with parents or good,The old man still follow good children.

　　但是，这个设计给未成年的孩子造成了不可逾越的障碍。

but,The design for minor children caused the insurmountable obstacle.

　　对父母不抚养孩子，追究其“遗弃罪”就更难。张文娟说，国内人口信息管理很粗放，人口流动又频繁，一些孩子并不是在医院出生，所以查找亲生父母很难。

To parents don't raising a child,Shall be investigated for their"Crime of abandonment"It's harder to.Wang said,The domestic population information management is very extensive,Population flow and frequent,Some of the children are not born in hospital,So it is difficult to find his natural parents.

　　即使找到亲生父母，如果把遗弃孩子的父母判刑，还会出现新的问题：没有人抚养孩子。公安机关查处类似案件常会面临两难。

Even if find his natural parents,If the abandoned children parents sentence,Also will have a new problem:No man raising a child.The public security organ investigates similar cases often face a dilemma.

　　张文娟认为，《刑法》相关规定源于缺乏“儿童视角”，立法没有考虑到儿童作为未成年人的特殊性。

Wang, think,[Criminal law]The relevant provisions from the lack of"Children perspective",Legislation did not consider that children as the particularity of minors.

　　

民法留下空白 Civil law leave blank

　　

张文娟说，这导致很多孩子在父母死亡、监护不称职时，政府很少出面，形成监护真空 Wang said,This led to many children in their parents' death/Monitoring the incompetent,The administration has seldom had to,Formation monitoring vacuum

　　除了《刑法》相关规定遇到的执行之难，家长对孩子监护不到位，民法如何规定？

In addition to[Criminal law]The implementation of relevant regulations meet the difficult,The parents to the child care does not reach the designated position,Provisions of civil law how to?

　　中国政法大学教授巫昌祯亲历了民法典的起草和《婚姻法》的制定与修改。

A professor at China university of political WuChangZhen experience of the civil code draft out and[Marriage law]Formulation and modification.

　　在巫昌祯看来，虽然民法确定了监护制度，但在具体规定上，现行的民法通则和婚姻法近乎空白。

In WuChangZhen seems,Although the civil law determines the guardianship system,But in the specific provisions,The current marriage law general principles of the civil law and almost blank.

　　巫昌祯说，在《婚姻法》中，对家庭关系只提了一两条。对什么是监护权？监护权的内容是什么？如果父母不抚养怎么办？比遗弃罪、虐待罪轻一点的行为怎么处理？这些都没有规定。

WuChangZhen said,in[Marriage law]in,To family relationship only mention the YiLiangTiao.For what is a custody?The content of the custody is what?If the parents do not raise?Abandoned sin than/The behavior of the crime of abuse lighter how to deal with?These are not provided.

　　张文娟说，《民法通则》没有提到如果父母不称职或者伤害孩子该怎么办。

Wang said,[The general principles of the civil law]Did not mention if the parents incompetence or damage the child do.

　　张解释说，常规的监护制度是在政府、家庭和儿童之间设立权利义务关系，而中国在父母和政府之间，为其他人设定了义务。

Zhang explained,The conventional monitoring system is in the government/Family and children established between rights and obligations,China in the parents and between the government,For the rest of the people set the obligation.

　　《民法通则》把祖父母、外祖父母、兄、姐，以及其他关系的近亲属列为第二顺序法定监护人，但是法律没有说，如果这些人没有能力监护，政府要不要给他们帮助？他们的义务和父母的权利义务是不是一样？

[The general principles of the civil law]The grandparents/grandparents/brother/Elder sister,And other close relatives of the relationship as the second order legal guardian,But the law does not say,If these men have no ability to care,The government should not give them help?Their obligations and parents' rights and obligations as is?

　　《民法通则》规定，没有上述监护人的，由未成年人的父、母的所在单位或未成年人住所地的居委会、村委会担任监护人。

[The general principles of the civil law]provisions,Not the guardian,The minor's father/Mother's place unit or minor the locality of the residents' committees/The village committee shall act as his guardian.

　　在张文娟看来，这是不可能的，“现在哪个单位能做监护人？”这是为不可能的人设定了义务，实际上他们都是缺位的。

In wang, it seems,It is not possible,"Now which unit can do guardian?"It is impossible to set the obligation,In fact they are lack of.

　　张文娟说，这导致很多孩子在父母死亡、丧失监护能力或者不称职时，政府很少出面，形成监护真空。

Wang said,This led to many children in their parents' death/The loss of monitoring ability or not when competent,The administration has seldom had to,Formation monitoring vacuum.

　　

未成年人保护法的缺陷 The defects of protection of minors

　　

规定相当空泛，如何剥夺，谁是请求人、剥夺以后由谁来监护等配套规定不明确 Rules are quite vague,How to deprive,Who is the person making the request/After deprived by who to monitor and other supporting rule are not clear about

　　对儿童的合法权利，张文娟说，《联合国儿童权利公约》确立的原则是，政府和社会要支持儿童在家庭中健康成长，对不称职的家庭要给予干预。而现在，出现了很多无力的家庭，他们需要政府的帮助；还有一些家庭不承担责任，遗弃或忽视孩子，政府应该监督。

To children's legal rights,Wang said,[The United Nations convention on the rights of children]Establishment of the principle is,The government and the society to support the children healthy growth in the family,For poor families to give intervention.And now,There are many weak family,They need help from the government;And some families do not assume responsibility,Abandon or neglect the child,The government should supervise.

　　2010年，国务院办公厅《关于加强孤儿保障工作的意见》把福利保障的范围扩展到了社会散居孤儿，帮助养育这些孩子。

In 2010,,The general office of the state council[On strengthening the orphan security work opinion]The welfare safeguard scope extended to social scattered orphans,Help raise the children.

　　张文娟认为这还不够，现有的儿童福利水平与经济社会发展水平不相称，政府帮扶和监督做得都不好，出现了很多“无奈的父母”和“嚣张的父母”。

Wang, think this is not enough,The existing child welfare level and the development level of economy and society don't match,The government supporting and supervision and doing are not good,Appeared a lot of"Helpless parents"and"Arrogant parents".

　　对严重不称职的父母，《未成年人保护法》规定，法院可以根据有关人员和有关单位的申请剥夺父母的监护权。

For serious ineptitude parents,[The law on the protection of minors]provisions,The court may, according to relevant personnel and related units application deprivation parents custody.

　　中国政法大学教授夏吟兰说，不过，未成年人保护法的规定相当空泛，如何剥夺，谁是请求人、剥夺以后由谁来监护等配套规定不明确。

A professor at China university of political XiaYin balaam said,but,The provisions of the law on the protection of minors is quite vague,How to deprive,Who is the person making the request/After deprived by who to monitor and other supporting rule are not clear about.

　　在张文娟看来，政府福利帮助不到位，让剥夺不称职父母的监护资格变得更难。“谁提起申请，谁就要抚养。”张文娟说，不解决“养”的问题，法院一般不敢轻易判。

In wang, it seems,The government welfare help does not reach the designated position,Let deprivation ineptitude parental monitoring qualification becomes more difficult."Who filed application,Who will bring up."Wang said,Don't solve"keep"problems,Court generally can't easily found.

　　张文娟说，国际上通常做法，一般是政府提出申请剥夺不称职父母的监护权，因为只有政府有能力证明孩子的父母监护不力，也能提供福利帮助。

Wang said,The international usual practice,The general is the government puts forward application deprivation incompetent custody of the parents,Because only the government ability to prove the parents of the children lack of care,Can also provide benefits to help.

　　张文娟说，在《民法通则》设定的监护人顺序中，民政部门被放在了最后。现在政府不干预，部分原因是对家庭的前期支持还不够。

Wang said,in[The general principles of the civil law]Set the guardian of the order,Civil affairs departments were placed in the last.Now the government intervention,Part of the reason is the family support is not enough.

　　

孩子不只是属于父母 Children not only belongs to parents

　　

在一些国家，出现遗弃儿童会及时被发现，因为有报告制度，普通公民发现后，会立刻报警 In some countries,Appear abandoned children can be found in time,Because there are reporting system,Ordinary citizens discovered,Will immediately alarm

　　面对路边的流浪儿童，大多人会成为一名旁观者。中国法学会婚姻法研究会副会长，湖北警官学院院长曹诗权说，中国在未成年人监护的制度设计上，重家庭责任、亲友监护、私力自治；轻国家责任、社会监护、公力干预。

In the face of the roadside street children,Most people would be a bystander.Marriage law under China law society, research board vice-chairman,Hubei officer, dean of the college of CaoShiQuan said,China in the minor custody system design,Heavy family responsibilities/Relatives and friends care/Private force autonomy;Light state responsibility/Social care/Male force intervention.

　　曹诗权认为，这是监护观念的落后，意味着未成年人还处在“家庭人”、“亲属人”、“单位人”的传统观念中，而“国家人”、“社会人”的现代身份未获确认。

CaoShiQuan think,This is the idea behind monitoring,Means that minors is still in"Family man"/"Relative people"/"Unit people"In the traditional concept,and"National people"/"Social man"Modern identity has not been confirmed.

　　这让很多人看来，对孩子的监护和处理，更多的是父母个人的家务事，外人不便插手。

It makes a lot of people,To the child's care and treatment,More is parents' personal housework,Stranger inconvenience intervene in.

　　媒体报道说，在毕节5个孩子发生意外前，曾有市民发现他们经常穿着单衣，晚上住在电视塔下、地下通道或街道废弃的封闭空间里。

Media reports said,In bijie five children before the accident,There have been people find that they always wear a garment of single layer,Night live in the tower/Underground passage or street abandoned enclosed space.

　　饥寒交迫时，他们常会偷些干粮和小额钱财。但是并没有人报警，悲剧也并没有被避免。

Suffer from hunger and cold when,They often steal some solid food and small money.But and no one alarm,Tragedy is also not be avoided.

　　张文娟说，在一些国家，因为有报告制度，出现遗弃儿童等情况会及时被发现，普通公民发现后，会立刻报警。

Wang said,In some countries,Because there are reporting system,In the circumstance such as abandoned children will be found in time,Ordinary citizens discovered,Will immediately alarm.

　　据《广州日报》之前报道，美国各州法律都规定子女必须到一定年龄才可以独自留在家中或车内。父母有责任监护照看自己的子女。如果父母将子女单独留在家中，结果发生意外，当地警察或者儿童权利机构的人员可能会登门拜访。在很多州，父母的这种举动属于监护不周或疏于看护，被视为犯罪。

According to[Guangzhou daily]Reported before,The United States law stipulate children must go to a certain age can be alone in the house or car.Parents have the responsibility to care to look after their children.If the parents will children at home alone,Results the accident,Local police or children's rights agency personnel may visit your house.In many states,Parents' this behavior belongs to the custody or neglect of nursing,Is regarded as a crime.

　　张文娟欣慰的是，民间对儿童保护的观念在增强，比如：从之前“随手拍”解救乞讨儿童的微博行动，到日前对浙江虐童事件的反思。

Wang is a comfort,Folk to child protection concept in enhancement,For example:Before from"Random shot"Save begging children's micro bo action,To a child abuse event of zhejiang reflection.

　　“只靠自上而下的推动，进程会很慢”。张文娟说，“应该扭转观念，孩子不只是属于父母的，而且也是国家的、社会的。每个人都应该负起责任来。”

"Only by promoting from top to bottom,Process will slow".Wang said,"Should turn concept,Children not only belong to the parents,But also of the country/social.Everyone should take responsibility."

　　

相关背景 Relevant background

　　1986年的《民法通则》规定了监护人的顺序，确立了监护制度。

1986[The general principles of the civil law]The provisions of the order of the guardian,Established the guardianship system.

　　1980年制定、2001年修改的《婚姻法》规定，父母有抚养教育子女的义务。

Set in 1980/In 2001 the modification[Marriage law]provisions,The parents have raised their children's compulsory education.

　　2006年修改的《未成年人保护法》规定，监护人不履行监护职责或侵害被监护的未成年人的合法权益的，可以撤销监护资格。

In 2006 the modification[The law on the protection of minors]provisions,If a guardian does not fulfill their duties of guardianship or encroach upon the monitoring of the legitimate rights and interests of the minors,May revoke the guardianship qualification.

　　新京报记者 宋识径 北京报道

The Beijing news reporter song general diameter reports from Beijing