国际金融危机成为此次银行业丑闻集中爆发的共同背景。

The international financial crisis become the banking scandal concentrated outbreaks of common background。

　　国际金融危机从两个方面导致了银行业丑闻的产生与爆发：一是国际金融危机使银行经营困难，为追求高收益，有的银行开始铤而走险，从而出现违规操作；二是国际金融危机爆发后，多国政府部门改变了以往对于金融体系自由放任的态度，转而实施较为严厉的金融监管，使得一系列银行业丑闻浮出水面。

The international financial crisis from two aspects led to the banking scandal generation and outbreak：One is the international financial crisis led to the bank's business difficult，For the pursuit of high yield，Some Banks began to rush in where angels fear to tread，Thus appear illegal operation；The second is the international financial crisis after the outbreak，Many government departments to change the previous for financial system laissez-faire attitude，To implement more severe financial supervision，Make a series of banking scandal surface。

　　最近一段时间以来，国际银行业丑闻不断，一些曾经信誉卓著的国际性大银行都深陷其中，它们涉嫌的违规操作包括操纵伦敦银行同业拆借利率、洗钱、非法交易等。多家银行丑闻的频发对各国政府的金融监管提出了新的挑战。

A recent period of time，The international banking scandal constantly，Some have creditworthy international big Banks are coming unstuck，They suspected illegal operation including control London interbank offered rate、Money laundering、Illegal trade, etc。Many Banks scandal and frequent to governments of financial supervision puts forward new challenge。

　近期银行业丑闻接连爆发 The recent scandal broke out in the banking industry

　　涉嫌参与洗钱,对利率的操纵以及未能向投资者充分披露投资风险是国际银行业近期的三大类丑闻。

Suspected of involvement in the money laundering,Interest rate control and failing to investors full disclosure investment risk is the international banking recent three categories of scandal。

　　2012年8月6日，美国纽约州金融服务局报告称，在过去的近10年中，英国著名国际性商业银行渣打银行涉嫌与伊朗银行和企业进行了6万笔的秘密违法交易，涉及金额为2500亿美元。对于这一指控，渣打银行随后宣称，金融服务局所描述的事实与实际不完全相符，渣打银行的确有部分交易违反了美国的法律，但违法交易占交易总量的比例只有0.1%，涉及金额只有1400万美元。最终，渣打银行支付巨额罚金了结此事。8月14日，纽约州金融服务局发表声明称，已与渣打银行就涉嫌违规交易达成和解，渣打银行向纽约州金融服务局支付3.4亿美元的罚款,同时，渣打银行承诺就反洗钱措施漏洞进行补救。

6 August, 2012，The New York state financial service bureau report says，In the past 10 years，A famous British international commercial Banks standard chartered bank in connection with Iran's bank and enterprise 60000 pen secret illegal trading，Involved in the amount of $250 billion。For this, a charge，Standard chartered bank then claimed，The financial services bureau describe facts and actual not completely consistent，Standard chartered bank is part of the deal violates the law，But illegal trading accounts for the proportion of total trading only 0.1%，The amount involved only $14 million。finally，Standard chartered bank to pay huge fine over the matter。On August 14,，New York state financial service bureau issued a statement that said，Already and standard chartered bank is suspected of illegal trading reach a reconciliation，Standard chartered bank to New York state financial service to pay a $340 million fine,At the same time，Standard chartered bank commitment is anti-money laundering measures hole remedial。

　　无独有偶，7月份汇丰银行也曾涉嫌洗钱等违规操作遭到美国政府部门的指控。7月17日，美国参议院下属的常设调查委员会发布一份报告称，汇丰银行违反了美国反洗钱的相关法律,涉及非法交易约2.5万笔，涉及金额达160亿美元。为此，汇丰银行可能面临美国政府部门的刑事诉讼和高额罚金。

similarly，July HSBC bank also had suspected of money laundering violations by the United States government charges。July 17，The United States senate subordinate permanent commission issued a report says，HSBC bank violates the anti-money laundering of relevant laws,Involved in illegal trade about 25000 pen，Involving amounted to us $16 billion。therefore，HSBC bank may face the United States government department's criminal litigation and rising fines。

　　早在今年6月，荷兰国际集团就因洗钱案向美国监管部门支付了6.19亿美元的罚款。

As early as in June this year，The Dutch international group to the United States for money laundering case supervision department paid a $619 million fine。

　　与此同时，由于涉嫌参与违规交易，苏格兰皇家银行、德国商业银行也面临美国政府部门的调查指控。

meanwhile，Due to suspected of involvement in illegal trading，Royal bank of Scotland、German commercial bank is facing the United States government department's investigation charges。

　　除涉嫌参与洗钱等非法交易外，近期另一大类丑闻来自银行对伦敦银行同业拆借利率的操纵。6月27日，美国商品期货交易委员会宣布，由于试图操纵和谎报伦敦银行同业拆借利率和欧洲银行同业拆借利率，英国巴克莱银行将被处以2亿美元的罚款，并要求停止进一步的违规行动，同时采取措施以确保这2个基准利率的完整性和可靠性。巴克莱成为首家被揭出参与利率操纵并受到巨额处罚的银行，也使得伦敦银行同业拆借利率操纵的丑闻浮出水面。

In addition to suspected of involvement in the money laundering illegal trade outside，Recent another kind of big scandal from bank to London interbank offered rate control。June 27，The commodity futures trading commission announced，Due to try to control and misstate London interbank lending rates and European Banks interbank lending rates，British barclays bank will be fined $200 million，And further demands to stop illegal action，At the same time take measures to ensure that these two benchmark interest rate integrity and reliability。Barclays has become the first is lifted out of the participation rate control and punishment by huge bank，Also make London interbank offered rate control scandal surface。

　　然而，涉嫌利率操纵丑闻的国际银行并不只巴克莱一家，随着调查的深入，更多的大型银行也牵涉到了其中，除巴克莱银行外，涉嫌操纵利率的银行还有德意志银行、花旗银行、摩根大通、苏格兰皇家银行等。

however，Alleged interest rate control scandal of international banking is not only a barclays，With the deepening of the research，More large bank also involved among them，In addition to barclays bank outside，Alleged manipulation of the interest rates Banks and deutsche bank、citigroup、Jpmorgan chase、Royal bank of Scotland, etc。

　　银行丑闻还包括未能向投资者充分披露投资风险。美国证券交易委员会8月14日发表声明称，富国银行旗下的经纪服务公司在2007年1月至8月期间，向投资者推荐购买高风险的金融衍生产品，但并没有向投资者披露这些投资品的复杂性和风险。为此，美国证券交易委员会向富国银行开出了650万美元的罚单。

Bank scandal also include failure to investors full disclosure investment risk。The United States securities and exchange commission on August 14, issued a statement that said，Wells Fargo's brokerage services company in January 2007 to August，To investors to buy high-risk financial derivatives，But did not disclose to investors the complexity of the investment and risk。therefore，The United States securities and exchange commission to Wells Fargo bank issued 6.5 million dollar ticket。

为何银行业丑闻频发 Why frequent banking scandal

　　除国际金融危机的影响外，另一个导致银行业丑闻不断爆发的原因是银行体系内部控制机制出现漏洞。

In addition to international financial crisis the influence，Another cause banking scandals have outbreaks of reason is the bank system internal control mechanism appears holes。

　　此次国际银行业丑闻的大面积爆发，既有单个银行的个别行为，但更多地体现为国际银行业共同的问题，既有长时间持续的违规操作，也有近期才出现的不端行为，丑闻的频繁爆发具有一些共同的原因。

The international banking scandal broke out large area，Both individual bank of individual behavior，But more embodied in international banking common problem，Both long time continuous illegal operation，Also has recently appeared misconduct，The scandal broke out frequently has some common cause。

　　国际金融危机成为此次银行业丑闻集中爆发的共同背景。国际金融危机从两个方面导致了银行业丑闻的产生与爆发：一是国际金融危机使银行经营困难，为追求高收益，有的银行开始铤而走险，从而出现违规操作；二是国际金融危机爆发后，多国政府部门改变了以往对于金融体系自由放任的态度，转而实施较为严厉的金融监管，使得一系列银行丑闻浮出水面。

The international financial crisis become the banking scandal concentrated outbreaks of common background。The international financial crisis from two aspects led to the banking scandal generation and outbreak：One is the international financial crisis led to the bank's business difficult，For the pursuit of high yield，Some Banks began to rush in where angels fear to tread，Thus appear illegal operation；The second is the international financial crisis after the outbreak，Many government departments to change the previous for financial system laissez-faire attitude，To implement more severe financial supervision，Make a series of bank scandal surface。

　　国际金融危机导致全球银行业经营状况不佳。8月17日，波士顿咨询公司发布了关于全球银行业发展报告，报告指出,2011年全球银行业市值缩水20%以上，除加拿大和澳大利亚外，发达国家的银行业严重受挫。从2007年至2011年，全球银行业总市值蒸发了34%，其中西欧银行业市值暴跌58%，中东欧银行业市值损失47%，北美银行业的表现虽相对好一些，但其市值在这4年中也损失了25%。

The international financial crisis led to the global banking business situation is not good。On August 17,，Boston consulting company issued a report on global banking development，The report says,In 2011, the global banking market value shrink by more than 20%，Except outside Canada and Australia，The developed countries serious setback in the banking industry。From 2007 to 2011，The global banking total market value evaporation by 34%，The western European banking market capitalisation fell by 58%，Central and eastern European banking market value loss of 47%，North American banking performance is relatively better，But its market value in this four years also lost 25%。

　　在这种情况下，有的国际性银行开始通过违规操作以寻求高收益。例如,据美国纽约州金融服务局的调查，渣打银行通过参与违规交易，光手续费就可达上亿美元。通过操纵银行基准利率也使得一些银行获得了巨额收益。据美国商品期货委员会的统计，伦敦银行同业拆借利率是芝加哥商品交易所3个月期欧元美元远期合约的结算基础，该品种在2011年的交易量就已经超过564万亿美元，此外，基于伦敦银行同业拆借利率的货币互换和贷款名义价值也高达360万亿美元，如此庞大的金融产品规模，使得利率的任何一点变化，所带来的收益变化都是惊人的。

In this case，Some international Banks began to through the illegal operation for high yield。For example,According to the American New York state financial service bureau of investigation，Standard chartered bank through participating in illegal trading，Light poundage is can reach hundreds of millions of dollars。Through the control over the bank's base rate also makes some Banks got huge income。According to the commodity futures commission statistics，London interbank lending interest rate is the Chicago mercantile exchange three-month euro dollars forward contracts of settlement of foundation，The variety in the 2011 trade volume has more than 564 trillion dollars，In addition，Based on the London interbank offered currency swap and loan nominal value also is as high as $360 trillion，Such a large scale of financial products，Make any change interest rates，Brought about by the income changes are amazing。

　　如果国际金融危机引发的银行业受挫导致有的银行铤而走险，那么危机后政府部门的金融监管强化则使得银行业丑闻开始曝光。国际金融危机之前，许多国家政府对于金融业的发展采取的多为自由放任政策，为相关银行进行违规操作创造了条件，国际金融危机之后，政府转而实施宏观审慎监管，金融监管不断加强。政府在危机前后对于金融监管的“一松一紧”成为银行业丑闻暴露的重要因素。

If the international financial crisis triggered banking frustration led to some Banks rush in where angels fear to tread，So after the crisis of government departments strengthen the financial supervision is make banking scandal began to exposure。The international financial crisis before，Many countries government for the development of the financial sector to more for laissez-faire policy，For related bank violate compasses operation to create the conditions，After the international financial crisis，The government to implement the macro prudential supervision，Continuously strengthen financial supervision。The government in a crisis for the before and after financial supervision“A loose a tight”Become the important factor of banking scandal exposure。

　　除国际金融危机影响外，另一个导致银行业丑闻不断爆发的原因是银行体系内部控制机制出现漏洞。例如,从涉嫌洗钱的几个银行来看，大都存在反洗钱内控措施不足，监控系统不到位等问题，并不能起到有效防范洗钱犯罪的作用。内控机制出现漏洞，使得“内部人员”更容易利用漏洞进行违规操作，这往往会给银行带来致命的危险。

In addition to international financial crisis the influence，Another cause banking scandals have outbreaks of reason is the bank system internal control mechanism appears holes。For example,From suspected money-laundering few bank to see，Most of the existing anti-money laundering internal control measures shortage，Monitoring system does not reach the designated position problems，And cannot have effectively guard against money laundering crime action。Internal control mechanism appears holes，makes“Internal personnel”Easier to use hole illegal operation，This will often give a bank bring fatal danger。

　银行业丑闻的经济影响 The economic impact of banking scandal

　　大面积银行丑闻的爆发对市场造成了极大的震动，同时也对政府监管部门、银行内部管理提出了新的要求。

The outbreak of large Banks scandal on the market caused a great shock，At the same time also for the government supervision department、Bank's internal management puts forward new requirements。

　　银行业丑闻爆发后，相关银行尽管面临吊销执照、刑事诉讼等严厉惩罚，但最终大部分银行都以支付巨额罚金了结了此事。大面积银行丑闻的爆发对市场造成了极大的震动，同时也对政府监管部门、银行内部管理提出了新的要求。

The banking industry after the scandal broke，Related bank although faces shall revoke the license、Criminal litigation severe punishment，But in the end, most Banks are to pay huge fine settled the matter。The outbreak of large Banks scandal on the market caused a great shock，At the same time also for the government supervision department、Bank's internal management puts forward new requirements。

　　银行业丑闻令市场对其信心受挫。此次爆发丑闻的银行都曾是信誉卓著的国际性大银行，这使得市场和公众对于银行业的信心受到重创，特别是市场基准利率——伦敦银行同业拆借利率一直是大部分金融交易的基础，利率操纵丑闻的出现使得市场交易基础发生了动摇，整个西方金融市场信用遭到严重质疑。

Banking scandal make market for its confidence be thwarted。The outbreak of the scandal Banks are used to be creditworthy international big bank，This makes the market and the public for banking confidence tumbled，Especially the market benchmark interest rate - London interbank lending interest rates has been the basis of most financial transactions，The emergence of the interest rate control scandal that makes the market transaction foundation happened to shake，The whole western financial market credit were seriously questioned。

　　银行业丑闻将会对欧美银行业造成冲击。对于已经暴露丑闻的银行来说，面临的是巨额罚款。对于受到违规交易指控的银行来说，银行必须支付大量的调查和诉讼费用，一旦案件落实，将无法避免处罚的命运。

Banking scandal will impact on Europe and the United States banking。To have exposed the scandal for Banks，Is facing huge fines。For by illegal transaction charges for the bank，The bank must pay a lot of investigation and litigation costs，Once the case implement，Will not be able to avoid the fate of the punishment。

　　银行业丑闻的接连爆发要求政府加大对金融体系的监管。美国金融危机爆发后，包括美国在内的各国政府纷纷加大了金融监管的力度，此次银行业丑闻的爆发再一次证明了对金融体系的监管仍不能放松。同时,由于此次丑闻均爆发在国际性的大银行，这要求加强金融监管的国际合作，只有建立金融监管的国际合作机制才能进行有效的监管，避免出现监管套利。

Banking scandal broke out after asking the government to strengthen the supervision of the financial system。The United States financial crisis after the outbreak，All countries, including the United States, the government have increased the strength of financial supervision，The banking scandal broke out once again proved to the supervision of the financial system still cannot relax。At the same time,Because of the scandal broke out in all international big bank，This requires that the strengthening of financial supervision of the international cooperation，Only by establishing financial regulation of the international cooperation mechanism to carry out effective supervision，Avoid regulatory arbitrage。

　　银行业丑闻的爆发要求银行加强内控机制的建设。银行内控机制的缺失导致银行违规操作，此次银行业丑闻的爆发说明，银行业仍存在着内控机制的漏洞。例如,从反洗钱来看，美国参议院常设调查委员会批评汇丰银行反洗钱措施长期存在严重缺陷,因此加强内控机制建设将是避免再次出现问题的重要保障。

Banking scandal outbreak require Banks to strengthen the construction of the internal control mechanism。Bank internal control mechanisms and the lack of bank operation，The banking scandal that outbreak，Banking is still exists internal control mechanism of the loopholes。For example,From the anti-money laundering to see，The United States senate permanent commission criticism HSBC bank anti-money laundering measures serious defect existing for a long time,Therefore strengthen internal control mechanism construction will be to avoid problems again the important guarantee。