证券时报记者 郑昱

The securities times reporter zheng yu

　　“来东莞这么多年，从没见过东江的水这么清。”任职于东莞一家经营特种钢材跨国公司的张俊感觉，今年东莞的天蓝了，水清了，但他的幸福指数却没有同步提升。让他快活不起来的是人闲下来了，奖金也少了。

"To the dongguan so many years,Never seen dongjiang water so clear."Employment in the dongguan a business special steel multinational handsome feeling,This year the dongguan's sky is blue,Water clear,But his happiness index but no synchronizing lifting.Let him not happy it is idle down,Bonus and less.

　　张俊告诉记者，今年国内市场需求明显放缓，部分下游客户缩减规模，部分客户则将工厂转移到了成本更低的中国中西部及东南亚等地。

Handsome told reporters,This year the domestic market demand slowed down obviously,Part of the downstream customers downscale,Part of the customers' will factory transferred to cost lower and western China and southeast Asia, etc.

产业迁徙已现 Industry migration has now

　　距离张俊所在的特种钢材跨国公司不到十分钟车程，有一家日本三丽鸥（Sanrio）公司的代工厂。Sanrio的经典产品是大名鼎鼎的Hello Kitty（凯蒂猫），这只全世界最著名的猫已经贴上了中国制造的标签。即便在Sanrio位于日本的专卖店，也有相当一部分产品是彻头彻尾的“Made in China”（中国制造）。

Distance in 39 special steel multinational companies in less than ten minutes,Have a Japanese sanrio(Sanrio)The company's foundry.Sanrio classic product is a famous Hello Kitty(Hello Kitty),This only the world's most famous cats have been labeled as a tag made in China.Even in Sanrio located in Japan's store,There are a number of product is dye-in-the-wood"Made in China"(Made in China).

　　不过这种局面近年来已悄然改变，Sanrio跟日本其他跨国公司三阳商会、无印良品一样，将越来越多的产品转移到东南亚生产。中国人口老龄化以及后备劳动力的紧缺愈演愈烈，跨国公司渐渐把目光投向东南亚，中国世界工厂的地位正在遭受挑战。

But the situation in recent years has quietly changed,With Japan other multinational company Sanrio three Yang chamber of commerce/Muji as,Will more and more products transferred to southeast Asia production.China's population aging and backup labor shortage intensified,Multinational companies gradually focused on southeast Asia,China's world factory status is suffering from a challenge.

　　与这些日企一样，张俊所在的公司也有所绸缪，早在2009年就开始谋划产业转移。金融危机爆发后，为进一步开拓东南亚市场，这家特种钢龙头企业开始考察市场，选择厂址，最后将目光定格在越南同奈省，这是越南南部重点的经济发展区，也是承接产业转移的制造业大省。当地政府频频抛来橄榄枝，给出包括税收在内的一系列优惠条件吸引外资。

And these days as enterprises,Handsome company will be a rainy day,As early as in 2009 began to plan industrial transfer.After the outbreak of the financial crisis,In order to further develop southeast Asia market,The special steel leading enterprises began to study the market,Select the site of,Finally stopped with eyes in Vietnam nai province,This is the focus of the economic development area in southern Vietnam,Also undertake industrial transfer manufacturing province.The local government repeatedly thrown to the olive branch,Given tax, including a series of preferential conditions to attract foreign capital.

　　2009年越南项目正式启动后，身为管理层的张俊被外派至越南同奈的工厂工作两年，在东南亚开疆拓土。与他一同前往的还有东莞工厂的十几名一线熟练员工，他们都曾在珠三角的流水线上摸爬滚打多年，派给他们的新任务则是培训与指导越南的新员工。

In 2009, the Vietnam after the launch of the project,As a management by 39 assignment to Vietnam with nye factory work two years,The warriors in southeast Asia extension soil.And he is going with dongguan factory more than a dozen a ray of skilled staff,They all worked in the pearl river delta assembly line on me.but years,To send their new task is training and guidance of Vietnam's new employees.

人力成本差异巨大 The human cost huge difference

　　对比同一家工厂内部的中越员工工资，可管窥两国劳动力成本的差异。

Contrast the same factories internal the staff salaries,The two countries can be peculiarities that labor cost differences.

　　张俊所在的公司，一名越南工人的月收入在150万~250万越南盾之间，折合人民币大约是500元~800元。而赴越南的中国工人，工资加上外派补助，月收入在4000元人民币左右，是越南工人的5倍以上。反观该公司在东莞的工厂，一线工人每月的工资在2000元~3000元左右，人力成本也达到了越南的4倍左右。与珠三角相比，东南亚的人力成本优势可见一斑。

Handsome company,A Vietnamese workers lunar income is in 1.5 million to 2.5 million between VND,Reduced the yuan is about 500 yuan to 800 yuan.And to Vietnam's Chinese workers,Wage subsidies and assignment,Lunar income is in 4000 yuan or so,Is Vietnam workers more than 5 times.In the company in the dongguan factory,A line workers monthly salary is in 2000 yuan to 3000 yuan,The human cost also reached the Vietnam 4 times the left and right sides.Compared with the pearl river delta,Southeast Asia human cost advantage is obvious.

　　越南的案例并非个案。在印度尼西亚，当地人Made告诉记者，男性每月的平均工资在100美元左右，折合人民币600多元，而女性劳动力则更为廉价。Made的妻子由于工资实在太低，干脆辞职回家当全职主妇，专心照顾丈夫和孩子。

Vietnam's case is not the case.In Indonesia,Local people Made told reporters,Male monthly average wage at about $100,Reduced RMB 600 yuan,While women are more cheap labor.Made wife due to pay was too low,Simply quit home when a full-time housewife,To take care of her husband and children.

　　不过，张俊也强调，不能单纯地认为东南亚的人力成本绝对低廉，因为在这里，工人的权益有严格的法律保障。“这样一来，越南和珠三角人力成本的差距就缩小了。”他说。

but,Handsome stressed,Can't simply think southeast Asia human cost absolutely cheap,Because here,The rights and interests of the workers have strict legal protection."so,Vietnam and the pearl river delta human cost gap is narrowed."He said.

　　以越南为例，虽然当地收入水平较低，但这仅限于每日8小时之内的酬劳。“超出8小时以后，必须按合同严格支付加班工资。很多原本在珠三角安营扎寨的跨国企业已经习惯于拖延工人薪酬，但这一招复制到越南就会付出惨痛代价。按照当地法律规定，一旦欠薪证据确凿，工厂老板必须支付真金白银的高额罚款。”张俊表示。

In Vietnam, for example,Although the local income level is low,But it is limited to daily 8 hours of reward."Beyond 8 hours later,Must strictly according to the contract pay overwork salary.Many originally in the pearl river delta camp of multinational companies have used to delay workers compensation,But this recruit copy to Vietnam will pay a painful price.According to the local laws,Once back pay concrete evidence,Factory owners have to pay the fine gold silver high."Handsome said.

　　不仅如此，越南政府对当地工人的其他权益也有很多条款保障。例如，按照相关法律规定，张俊所在公司的越南员工必须占全体员工数量的90%以上，否则就会被认定为非法。

Not only that,The Vietnamese government to the local workers of other rights also have a lot of clause security.For example,In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations,39 the company Vietnam staff must account for more than 90% of the number of all the staff,Otherwise, they will be regarded as illegal.

　中国制造仍有优势 Made in China still have an advantage

　　因为收入的差距，与大量越南员工相比，张俊和他的中国同事在当地显得“物以稀为贵”。他印象中，外派那段时光十分悠然自得。在女多男少的越南，很多中国工人甚至迅速完成了从东莞“屌丝”到越南女孩眼中“高帅富”的角色转换。

Because the difference of income,And a large number of Vietnam than employees,Handsome and his Chinese colleagues in local appear"Content with rare for expensive".He impression,Assignment time very carefree and content.In the more women that men less Vietnam,Many Chinese workers even finished quickly from the dongguan"Prick silk"To Vietnam girl eyes"GaoShuai rich"Role conversion.

　　然而，张俊坦言，在越南生活也遭遇了不少烦恼。当地近年来持续发生通货膨胀、货币贬值，虽然在同奈等地生活成本比较低，但在胡志明市，很多商品的价格已经不低于中国一线城市北上广深的水平。

however,Handsome said,In Vietnam life also had a lot of trouble.In recent years local ongoing inflation/Currency devaluation,Although in the same nye, low cost of living,But in ho chi minh city,A lot of commodity prices have not less than a Chinese line city north of guangzhou, level.

　　与通货膨胀相比，很多跨国公司还有更头痛的问题，它们在很多东南亚国家都遭遇了配套产业链短缺的麻烦。张俊所在公司及其合作伙伴，在东南亚常常遇到辅料采购断档的问题，而这个问题在中国珠三角则几乎不存在。正如中国社科院中小企业研究中心主任罗仲伟所言：“我国制造业经过多年的发展，已经形成了完整的配套产业链以及工业体系，产业之间的协作和产业内部的配套都比较完善，这是东南亚国家短期内难以企及的。”

Compared with inflation,Many multinational companies more perplexing problems,They are in many Asian countries have suffered a complete industrial chain shortage of trouble.Handsome company and its partners,In southeast Asia often meet materials procurement DuanDang problem,And this problem in China's pearl river delta is almost nonexistent.As the Chinese academy of small and medium-sized enterprise research center director LuoZhongWei said:"China's manufacturing industry after years of development,Has formed a complete industrial chain, as well as supporting the industrial system,The collaboration between industry and industrial internal supporting are more perfect,This is southeast Asia countries in the short term will be hard-pressed to match."

　　总体来看，目前实施产业转移的大都是劳动密集型跨国公司，其中很多企业撤离的也只是产业链条中的低端环节，研发中心和采购职能部门依然留在中国。

overall,At present the implementation of industrial transfer is mostly labor-intensive multinational company,Many enterprise evacuation is industry chain of low-end links,Research and development center and purchasing department is still stay in China.

　　深圳市普天同乐信息科技发展有限公司负责东南亚市场的一名经理告诉记者，随着各类成本攀升，预计未来还会有更多企业向东南亚等地迁移，但中国制造仍然有一些核心竞争优势，“并不是所有的产业链都能够外迁，如在中国已经十分成熟的手机等产业链，因为劳动力技能及配套产业链等瓶颈，就不太可能转移到东南亚地区。”

Shenzhen putian to share information technology development co., LTD. Is responsible for the southeast Asia market a manager told reporters,Along with the rising cost of of all kinds,The expected future there will be more enterprises to southeast Asia migration,But made in China still have some of the core competitive advantage,"Not all industry chain can be moved,As in China has been very mature cell phone industry chain,Due to the labor skills and related industrial chain and bottleneck,It is unlikely to transfer to southeast Asia."