——访国务院发展研究中心企业研究所所长赵昌文

- visit the state council development research center enterprise institute director ZhaoChangWen

　　本报记者

Our reporter

　　谢光飞

XieGuangFei

　　党的十六大以来的十年时间，我国社会主义市场经济体制不断成熟和完善，企业的市场主体地位得以确立和巩固，各类企业都取得了快速发展，企业的数量、规模、效益和竞争力都有了长足的进步。回顾过去十年的企业改革与发展历程，认真总结经验教训?对于更好地应对未来挑战，进一步推动企业改革、创新与发展具有重要意义。为此，中国经济时报记者近日专访了国务院发展研究中心企业研究所所长赵昌文，他从十年来企业的发展变化、国际化、改革与发展、当前面临的主要问题及对策等方面进行了全面阐述。

Since the 16th CPC national congress ten years time,China's socialist market economic system continues to mature and perfect,The enterprise market main body status can be established and consolidated,All kinds of enterprises have achieved rapid development,The number of enterprise/scale/Benefit and competitiveness has improved a lot.Looking back at the past ten years of enterprise reform and development,Summing up experience and lessons?To better deal with the future challenges,Further promote enterprise reform/Innovation and development is of great significance.therefore,China economic times reporter the interview recently the state council development research center enterprise institute director ZhaoChangWen,From ten years the development of the enterprise/internationalization/Reform and development/Facing the current main problems and countermeasures for for a full explanation.

　　

我国企业规模和实力提高最快的十年 Our country enterprise scale and strength to improve the fastest ten years

　　中国经济时报：十六大以来的十年，是我国经济发展最快的十年，也是企业改革与发展取得丰硕成果的十年。国有企业从脱困到壮大，民营企业迅速崛起，外资企业不断发展，您如何看待与评价企业发展这十年的表现与成就？

China economic times:Since the sixteenth congress ten years,China's economic development is the fastest ten years,Enterprise reform and development is a fruitful decade.State-owned enterprises to expand from difficulty relief,The rapid rise of private enterprise,The foreign capital enterprise continuous development,How do you think of enterprise development and evaluation of this decade performance and achievements?

　　赵昌文?是的，十六大以来的十年?的确是我国企业发展最快的十年，企业的数量、规模、效益和竞争力都有了跨越式提高。

ZhaoChangWen?yes,Since the sixteenth congress ten years?It is the our country business enterprise development the fastest ten years,The number of enterprise/scale/Benefit and competitiveness have great-leap-forward improve.

　　从企业数量看，2002年我国约有390万家企业，2010年约有1030万家企业，年均增长12.9%。从企业规模看，2002年规模以上的工业企业中，平均每户企业的总产值为6100万元，而2010年为1.5亿元，扣除价格因素年均提高7.2%。从企业竞争力看，2002年我国出口3256亿美元，占世界出口市场的5%左右，是世界上第五大出口国，2011年我国出口18986亿美元，已经是世界第一大出口国，期间出口年均增长速度高达21.6%，这说明我国企业的国际竞争力有显著提高。

See from the enterprise quantity,In 2002, about 390 enterprise,In 2010, about 1030 enterprise,The average annual growth of 12.9%.See from the scale of the enterprise,2002 industrial enterprises above designated size in,The average American enterprise's production value of 61 million yuan,And in 2010 for 150 million yuan,Deduction price factors with an average annual increase of 7.2%.See from the enterprise competitiveness,In 2002, of our country export $325.6 billion,Of the world about 5% of the export market,Is the world's fifth largest exporter,In 2011, of our country export $1.8986 trillion,Is the world largest exporter,During export with an average annual growth rate as high as 21.6%,This shows that the international competitiveness of enterprises in our country have improved significantly.

　　十年间，我国崛起了一批有一定全球竞争力的大企业。从2002年起，中国企业联合会、中国企业家协会开始对中国企业进行500强排名。从中国企业500强的营业收入看，大企业规模迅速扩张的趋势明显。2002年中国500强企业营业收入总计7.04万亿元，平均每家为140亿元。到2011年，500强企业营业总收入达到44.9万亿元，是2002年的6.4倍，平均每年增长22.9%。从中国500强入围企业的最低营业收入看，2002年500强最后一名宁波港(601018,股吧)务局的营业收入是25.0亿元，2011年最后一名是175.0亿元，是2002年的7.0倍。

Ten years,Our country has a certain rise a batch of global competitive large enterprise.Since 2002,The China enterprise confederation/Chinese entrepreneurs association began to Chinese enterprise 500 strong places.From the Chinese enterprise 500 strong revenue to see,Big business scale expanding trend obvious.In 2002 China top 500 enterprises business totaled 7.04 trillion yuan,Average each for 14 billion yuan.By 2011,500 strong enterprises operating income reached 44.9 trillion yuan,Is 6.4 times that of 2002,An average annual increase of 22.9%.From China's top 500 enterprises at the minimum operating income to see,2002 strong finally a ningbo port(601018,guba)The forestry bureau business income is 2.5 billion yuan,In 2011 the last name is 17.5 billion yuan,Is 7.0 times that of 2002.

　　我国企业入选世界500强的数量快速上升。1995年，中国仅有两家企业进入世界500强，即中国银行(601988,股吧)和中粮集团，分别列当年的第167和338位。2002年，中国进入世界500强的企业达到11家，同年美国为192家，日本为88家。到2011年，中国大陆（含香港）共有73家企业进入世界500强，超过日本的68家，仅少于美国的132家，居世界第2位。由此可见，21世纪以来，特别是2002年以来，中国大企业发展非常迅速。

In the world's top 500 enterprises in our country the number of rising fast.In 1995,,China's only two enterprises in the world's top 500,Is the bank of China(601988,guba)And cofco,Listed separately in 167 and 338.In 2002,,China's entry into the world 500 strong enterprise to 11,In the same year the United States for 192 home,Japan is 88.By 2011,Mainland China(Including Hong Kong)A total of 73 enterprises in the world's top 500,More than Japan's 68,Only less than the United States in 132,The second in the world.Thus it can be seen,The 21st century,Especially since 2002,China's big enterprise is developing very fast.

　　经过不断改革，我国国有企业近十年来取得了持续发展。十年间国企（含国有控股企业）总资产从2002年的11.8万亿元增长到2011年的72.1万亿元，平均每年增长22.3%。国有工业企业的资产总额、主营收入、利润总额等均快速增长，分别从2002年的8.9万亿元、4.8万亿元、2633亿元增长到2010年的24.8万亿元、19.4万亿元、1.47万亿元。

After continuous reform,China's state-owned enterprise nearly 10 years to achieve the sustainable development.Ten years state-owned enterprises(Including state-owned holding enterprise)Total assets from 2002 yuan in 11.8 trillion growth in 2011 to 72.1 trillion yuan,An average annual increase of 22.3%.State-owned industrial enterprises total assets/The main income/Total profit are rapid growth,Respectively from 2002 yuan in 8.9 trillion/4.8 trillion yuan/Increase 263.3 billion yuan in 2010 to 24.8 trillion yuan/19.4 trillion yuan/1.47 trillion yuan.

　　近十年来我国中小企业发展尤为迅速。与《中小企业法》实施前的2002年作大体比较，2011年，全国工商注册登记的中小企业（不含个体户）大约增长了2.9倍，东部地区的广东省大约增长2.5倍，中部地区的湖北大约增长3.1倍，西部地区的四川大约增长4.9倍。截至2012年6月底，全国实有企业1308.57万户（含分支机构，下同），实有注册资本（金）77.20万亿元。其中，私营企业1025.93万户?注册资本?金?28.48万亿元；个体工商户实有3896.07万户，资金数额1.78万亿元。中小企业创造了全国60%以上的GDP，贡献了全国50%以上的税收，提供了80%的城镇就业岗位，在县域经济发展中，提供了地方政府80%的财政收入来源，已经成为保持国民经济平稳较快发展的重要基础。

In the past ten years our country small and medium-sized enterprise development is rapid.and[Small and medium-sized enterprises]Prior to the implementation of the 2002 years as general comparison,In 2011,,The registration of small and medium-sized enterprises(Does not contain the soho)About increased 2.9 times,The eastern region of guangdong province about increased by 2.5 times,In the middle of the hubei about increased by 3.1 times,The western region of sichuan about increased by 4.9 times.Up to the end of June 2012,The enterprise has 13.0857 million households(Including branch,Similarly hereinafter),Has registered capital(gold)77.2 trillion yuan.the,Private enterprise 10.2593 million households?Registered capital?gold?28.48 trillion yuan;Individual and industrial and commercial door has 38.9607 million households,The amount of the funds 1.78 trillion yuan.Small and medium-sized enterprise to create the national more than 60% of GDP,The contribution to the national more than 50% of the tax,Provides 80% of urban jobs,In the county economic development,The local government to provide 80% of the financial revenue sources,Has become maintain the smooth and quick development of national economy of the important foundation.

　　近十年外资企业投资的数量和质量都发生了明显的变化。自1993年以来我国已连续19年成为吸引外资最多的发展中国家。截至2012年6月，全国共有75万家外商投资企业，实际利用外资金额累计达1.22万亿美元。其中，最近10年的实际利用外资金额和累计新设外企数分别占68%和48%。目前，中国大约22%的税收、28%的工业增加值、55%的进出口、50%的技术引进、约4500万人的就业，来自于外资企业的贡献。在华外资企业的数量不断扩大，质量日益提高。外资企业既分享了中国改革开放30多年来经济高速发展的成果，也促进了中国的现代化建设。

Nearly 10 years of foreign capital enterprise investment the quantity and quality of notable changes have taken place.Since 1993 China has continuous 19 years become the most attract foreign investment in developing countries.By June 2012,There are throughout the country 75 foreign investment enterprise,The actual use of foreign capital amount amounted to $1.22 trillion.the,The last ten years of actual use of foreign capital amount and accumulated a number of new foreign company account for 68% and 48% respectively.At present,China about 22% of the tax/28% of the industrial added value/55% of the import and export/50% of the technology import/About the employment of 45 million people,From the foreign capital enterprise contribution.The number of foreign businesses in China continues to expand,Quality is increasing day by day.The foreign capital enterprise not only share the China's reform and opening up 30 years of high-speed economic development achievements,Also promoted the process of China's modernization.

　

　我国企业国际化取得突出进展的十年 Our country enterprise internationalization made outstanding progress ten years

　　中国经济时报：改革开放以来，我国在吸引外资方面取得了巨大成就，与此同时，近年来一个突出变化是我国也有越来越多的企业开始“走出去”，到其他国家投资建厂，您如何看待这一现象？

China economic times:Since the reform and opening up,Our country in attract foreign capital has made great achievement,meanwhile,In recent years a prominent change in our country is also more and more enterprises start"Go out",To other countries established investment,How do you think of this phenomenon?

　　赵昌文：随着一国经济发展，企业国际化也是必然的结果。因为只有这样，才能更好地整合利用国际资源，才能从根本上提高一国企业的国际竞争力。近十年来，我国企业国际化方面取得了突出的、重大的进展，主要表现在两个方面：

ZhaoChangWen:Along with the economic development of a country,Enterprise internationalization is an inevitable result.Because only in this way,To better integrate use of the international resources,To fundamentally improve the international competitiveness of a country enterprise.Nearly 10 years,Our country enterprise internationalization has made prominent/Significant progress,Mainly manifested in two aspects:

　　一是我国吸引外资的质量不断提高，结构不断优化。改革开放初期，我国吸引外资更加注重追求数量，而近几年吸收外资的导向上已经转向更加注重优化资本配置、促进技术进步和推动市场经济体制完善，更加注重从规模速度型向质量效益型转变，外资利用方式多样化；外资企业投资的产业结构继续优化；外资区域布局也不断得到改善。

One is to attract foreign investment in our country the quality enhances unceasingly,Constantly optimize the structure.The early reform and opening up,To attract foreign investment in China pay more attention to the pursuit of quantity,And in recent years the guide foreign investment has turned to pay more attention to optimize capital allocation/To promote technology progress and promote market economy system perfect,Pay more attention to the size speed type to quality-benefit transformation,Foreign capital utilization mode diversification;The foreign capital enterprise investment industry structure continues to optimization;Foreign capital area layout is also constantly improved.

　　主要表现为：每年新设外企数平稳发展，实际利用外资金额稳步上升；工业仍是引进外资的主要部门，FDI在工业部门主要集中在制造业中的加工工业，对轻加工业的投资比重高于重加工业、对技术密集型产业的投资比重高于一般加工业，外企在电子信息、集成电路、家用电器、汽车制造等技术密集型和资金密集型产业具有竞争优势，在新能源、新材料、生物医药、节能环保等新兴战略性行业的竞争力日益显现；服务业吸收外资开始大幅增长，房地产、租赁和商务服务业、交通运输仓储和邮政业、批发和零售业等成为外企在中国服务业中的投资、经营重点。

Main show is:Every year a number of new foreign steady development,The actual use of foreign capital amount rise steadily;Industry is still the main divisions of the introduction of foreign capital,FDI in the industrial department mainly concentrated in the manufacturing of processing industry,In light of the processing industry investment ratio higher than heavy processing industry/In high technology industry investment ratio is higher than general processing industry,Foreign company in the electronic information/Integrated circuit/Household appliances/Automobile manufacture and so on high technology and capital intensive industry have a competitive advantage,In the new energy/The new material/Biological medicine/Energy conservation and environmental protection and other emerging strategic industry competitiveness is becoming increasingly obvious;Service industry absorb foreign capital began to substantial growth,Real estate/Lease and business services/Transportation storage and postal service/Wholesale and retail, etc in China as foreign investment in service industry/Operation key.

　　外资企业在华直接投资的主导方式从“合作”、“合资”到“独资”的演变，反映了外企直接投资的主导方式从低资源投入、规避风险型方式转向资源投入高、控制度与战略性强的方式；跨国公司在华设立的研发中心已超过1400家，60%以上的研发中心将全球市场作为其主要服务目标，反映中国已不仅仅是外企的生产或采购基地，而已开始逐步成为外企研发基地的重要选择；港台、欧美与日韩为在华外资企业的三大主要来源地。

The foreign capital enterprise direct investment in China from the dominant mode"cooperation"/"Joint venture"to"owned"evolution,Foreign direct investment reflects the dominant mode from low resource input/Avoid risk type way to resources into high/Control degree and strategic strong way;Multinational companies in China r&d center has established more than 1400,More than 60% of the r&d center will be the global market as the main service targets,Reflecting China's is not only a foreign enterprise production or procurement base,Just began to gradually become an important option for the foreign research and development base;Hong Kong and Taiwan/Europe and the United States and Japan and South Korea for the foreign-funded enterprises in China's three major source.

　　二是企业“走出去”度过初始起步阶段，增长速度明显加快。从1991年到2002年我国对外直接投资长期徘徊在10亿—40亿美元之间，2002年全球外国直接投资流出总额为6470亿美元，中国对外直接投资相当于全球对外直接投资流量的0.42%。但从2002年起，我国实现了跨越式发展。2005年对外直接投资突破100亿美元，2008年突破500亿美元，2011年达到746.5亿美元，自2002年以来至2011年平均每年增长44.6%。2010年我国大陆地区对外直接投资仅次于美国、德国、法国和中国香港，位居全球第5位。

The second is the enterprise"Go out"Through the initial initial stage,To speed up the growth rate obviously.From 1991 to 2002, China's foreign direct investment in 1 billion - long-term wandering between $4 billion,In 2002 the global foreign direct investment outflows totaled $647 billion,China's foreign direct investment global foreign direct investment is equivalent to 0.42% of the flow.But since 2002,For our country to realize the great-leap-forward development.Foreign direct investment in 2005 exceeded 10 billion us dollars,In 2008 exceeded 50 billion us dollars,In 2011 to $74.65 billion,Since 2002 to 2011 grew by 44.6% a year on average.In 2010, mainland area foreign direct investment after the United States/Germany/France and Hong Kong, China,Fifth in the world.

　　近十年来我国对外投资的行业分布和区域分布不断拓展。2002年，我国对外投资虽然国家分布较广，达139个国家或地区，但主要集中在亚洲地区，投资行业主要集中于制造业、批发和零售业、商务服务业以及建筑业。到2011年底，中国13500多家境内投资者在境外设立对外直接投资企业1.8万家，分布在全球177个国家?地区?；投资行业呈多元化发展，包括商务服务业、金融业、采矿业、批发和零售业、制造业、交通运输业等。

In the past ten years China's foreign investment industry distribution and regional distribution continue to expand.In 2002,,China's foreign investment although the national has a wide distribution,Up to 139 countries or regions,But mainly in Asia,Investment industry mainly concentrated in manufacturing/Wholesale and retail/Business services and construction.By the end of 2011,China's more than 13500 domestic investors home outside the establishment of foreign direct investment enterprise 1.8 of,Located in 177 countries around the world?area?;A diverse investment industry development,Including business services/Financial industry/mining/Wholesale and retail/manufacturing/Transportation industry, etc.

　　近年来我国也出现了一系列成功的跨国并购案例，例如2002年，TCL集团以820万欧元并购了德国施耐德的生产设备、研发力量、销售渠道、存货及多个品牌，并租用生产设施建立TCL在欧洲的生产基地。此次并购帮助TCL 获得高达41 万台彩电的市场份额，绕过了欧洲对中国彩电的贸易壁垒，获得了施耐德的品牌效应及其遍布全世界的销售渠道和强大的技术力量，对TCL进一步开拓欧洲乃至世界市场的业务有极大帮助。再如2005年联想斥资17.5亿美元成功并购IBM的个人电脑业务，大大提高了联想在笔记本业务的研发、设计和制造能力。2011年吉利公司收购沃尔沃汽车，使吉利汽车的整体质量水平上了一个新台阶。

In recent years our country also has emerged a series of successful transnational m&a cases,In 2002, for example,TCL group for 8.2 million euros ($) for merger and acquisition of the German schneider production equipment/R&d strength/Sales channels/Inventory and multiple brand,And hire production facilities to establish TCL in Europe production base.This acquisition help TCL get as high as 410000 color TV market share,Around the European trade barriers on China's color TV,Won the schneider brand effect and its all over the world sales channels and strong technical strength,TCL to further explore the European and world market business have great help.Be like again 2005 lenovo $1.75 billion successful merger and acquisition of IBM's PC business,Greatly improve the association in the notebook business development/Design and manufacturing capabilities.2011 giovanni cobolli gigli company purchase Volvo car,Make geely automobile overall quality level on a new level.

　　我国对外直接投资的发展也为东道国做出了很大的贡献。2011年我国的境外企业实现销售收入10448亿美元，境外企业向投资所在国缴纳的各种税金总额超过220亿美元，年末境外企业就业人数达122万人，其中雇用外方员工88.8万人，来自发达国家的雇员有10万人。

China's foreign direct investment in the development of the host country is also made a great contribution.In 2011, foreign enterprises to achieve sales revenue of $1.0448 trillion,Overseas investment enterprise to pay taxes in respect of the total more than 22 billion dollars,By the end of the overseas enterprise employment of 1.22 million people,The hiring foreign employees 888000 people,From the developed countries employees 100000 people.

　

　各类企业的市场经济主体地位得以确立和完善 All kinds of enterprise market economic main body status to establish and perfect

　　中国经济时报：近十年来我国经济取得了快速增长，这其中离不开各类企业的改革与发展，请您介绍一下近十年来我国企业改革与发展方面的主要成就。

China economic times:In the past ten years our country economy has made a rapid growth,Which cannot leave the of all kinds enterprise reform and development,Please introduce nearly 10 years to our country enterprise reform and development achievements.

　　赵昌文：企业是市场经济的微观基础，只要把企业这一市场经济的基础做好了，让千万个大企业、小企业能够积极、健康、稳定发展，我国就有了千万个经济增长的发动机，就能够抵御经济发展过程中的各种不确定性，就能够克服各种各样的困难。党的十六大以来，我们国家在企业改革与发展方面的举措很多，其中最重要的是确立和完善了各类企业的市场主体地位。

ZhaoChangWen:Enterprise is market economy microeconomic foundation,As long as the enterprise the base of market economy ready,Let do a big enterprise/Small businesses can actively/health/Stable development,China had some economic growth engine,Will be able to resist the economic development process of all kinds of uncertainty,Will be able to overcome all kinds of difficulties.Since the 16th CPC national congress,Our country in the enterprise reform and development initiatives many,One of the most important is to establish and perfect the of all kinds enterprise market main body status.

　　确立企业作为市场主体地位的核心是国有企业的改革。这些年我国经济体制改革的核心问题，就是能不能把国有企业从计划经济模式转向市场经济模式，推到市场当中去。这既是市场经济成败的一个关键，也是国有企业参与经济全球化进程，遵守WTO国际规则的要求。党的十六大以来，在对改革开放以来国企改革经验与教训不断总结的基础上，我国政府对国有企业管理制度进行了重大改革，政府管理国有企业的方式有了较大改变，实现了所有权与经营权的分离，确立了国有企业在市场经济中的主体地位，企业参与市场竞争的能力得到增强。

Establish enterprises as the market main body status that is the core of the reform of state-owned enterprises.Years of economic structural reform in our country the core problem,Can is the state-owned enterprise from the planned economy model to market economic model,To push of market to.This is success or failure of market economy is one of the key,Are state-owned enterprises to participate in the economic globalization,Comply with the requirements of the WTO international rules.Since the 16th CPC national congress,Since the reform and opening up in the reform of state-owned enterprises constantly sum up experience and lessons based on,Our government of state-owned enterprise management system has carried out important reform,The government management of state-owned enterprises have significant changes in the way,Realize the ownership and the right of management separation,Establish the state-owned enterprise in the market economy the main body status,Enterprises to participate in the market competition ability is improved.

　　2003年起，我国在中央政府和地方政府分别建立了国有资产管理委员会，分别代表国家履行出资人职责，享有所有者权益，权利、义务和责任相统一，管资产和管人、管事相结合，形成了新的国有资产管理体制。新的国资管理体制通过实现政企分离、政资分离，落实企业法人产权，很大程度上实现了企业的自主经营。党的十七大进一步明确指出，推进国有经济布局战略性调整和增强国有经济的活力、控制力和影响力这样一个改革发展进程，深化国有企业公司制、股份制改造，健全现代企业制度。经过多年来的改革，总体上讲，国有企业的市场主体地位得以确立，企业“自主经营?自负盈亏?自求发展?自担风险”的机制得以确立，国有企业也取得了快速发展。

Since 2003,China's central government and local governments are established state-owned assets supervision and administration commission,Perform the responsibilities of investor on behalf of the state respectively,Enjoy the owner's equity,rights/Obligations and responsibilities unification,Tube assets and tube people/Purser combined,The formation of a new management system of state-owned assets.New salt management system through the enterprise to realize separation/Separation of soe should,Carry out an enterprise as a legal person property rights,To a great extent, to realize the enterprise self-management.The party's seventeen big further explicitly pointed out,Promote strategic adjustment of the state-owned economy layout and enhance the vitality of state-owned economy/Control and influence such a reform development process,Deepening the state-owned enterprise corporate system/Shareholding reform,Improve the modern enterprise system.After years of reform,Generally speaking,State-owned enterprise market main body status can be established,enterprise"Autonomy in operation?Responsible for their own profits and losses?Beg a development?Obtain at his own risk"The mechanism can be established,State-owned enterprises have also made rapid development.

　　加强对非公经济的支持措施，为私营企业提供平等竞争、公开公平公正的市场环境，落实私营企业的市场主体地位，是我国政府推进企业改革、提高市场经济质量和水平的重要环节。近十年来，我国中小企业政府管理体制进一步完善，中小企业已经成为社会主义市场经济最广泛的微观基础。2003年1月1日，全国人大发布我国第一部《中小企业促进法》，从资金支持、创业扶持、技术创新、市场开拓、社会服务五个方面规定了支持中小企业发展的法律措施。特别是2005年出台了《国务院关于鼓励支持和引导个体私营等非公有制经济发展的若干意见》（简称非公经济36条），私营企业在市场准入、土地使用、信贷、税收、上市融资、进出口等各方面所受歧视大大减少。2008年国际金融危机以来，我国对促进中小企业发展方面更加重视，分别于2009年发布《国务院关于进一步促进中小企业发展的若干意见》、2010年颁布《国务院关于鼓励和引导民间投资健康发展的若干意见》，这些制度措施是我国十六大以来中小企业取得突飞猛进发展的制度基础。最近，按照国务院的要求，40多个部委和行业管理部门都出台了贯彻落实“新36条”的实施细则，为更好地消除对民间资本投资的各种歧视、限制以及“玻璃门”、“弹簧门”，实现平等竞争、公平发展提供了制度、政策和机制保障。

To strengthen the support of the non-state-owned economy measures,For private enterprises to provide equal competition/Public fair market environment,Implementation of the private enterprise market main body status,Is our country government to promote enterprise reform/Improve the quality and level of market economy the important link.Nearly 10 years,Our country small and medium-sized enterprise the government management system to further improve,Small and medium-sized enterprise has become the most widely socialist market economy micro basis.On January 1, 2003,Issued by the National People's Congress our country the first[Small and medium-sized enterprises promotion],Financial support from/Entrepreneurial support/Technology innovation/Market development/Social service provides five aspects to support the development of small and middle-sized enterprises legal measures.Particularly in 2005 issued[The state council on the encouragement to support and guide the development of the individual private and other non-public sectors of the economy development certain opinions](Referred to as the non-state-owned economy article 36),Private enterprises in the market access/Land use/credit/tax/Listed financing/Import and export and so on various aspects have greatly reduce discrimination.Since 2008 international financial crisis,Our country small and medium-sized enterprise development to promote more attention,Issued in 2009 respectively[The state council about further promote the small and medium-sized enterprise development certain opinions]/Promulgated in 2010[The state council on the encouragement and guide the healthy development of the private investment some opinions],These system measures is our country since the 16th national congress of the small and medium enterprises to obtain the development by leaps and bounds of the institutional basis.recently,According to the requirements of the state council,More than 40 ministries and commissions and industry management departments issued implementation"Article 36 new"Detailed rules for the implementation of the,For the better to eliminate all kinds of discrimination against folk capital investment/Constraints and"Glass door"/"Swing door",Realize equal competition/Fair development provides the system/Policy and guarantee mechanism.

　　对外资企业不断推进国民待遇，促进各类企业平等发展也是增强企业市场主体地位的重要一环。对内外资企业实行不同的税收制度，并且给予外资企业以优惠于内资企业的税收待遇，曾作为改革开放初期吸引外资的一项重要政策，对我国吸引利用外资，引进先进技术和管理，促进经济发展起到了重要作用。但是，随着经济不断发展，也造成了内外资企业的不平等竞争。为此，从2008年起，我国对内外资企业统一实行25%的所得税率。统一了税率以后，有利于外资企业进一步提高投资的质量，进一步发挥其竞争优势。

Enterprises with foreign capital continuously push forward the national treatment,To promote equality of all kinds enterprise development is also the enhancement enterprise market main body status is important one annulus.Internal foreign enterprises implement different tax system,And grant foreign-invested enterprises with preferential tax treatment in domestic enterprises,Once took the reform and open policy initial attract foreign capital is an important policy,To attract the use of foreign capital in China,The introduction of advanced technology and management,Promoting economic development played an important role.but,With the constant development of economy,Also creates foreign enterprise does not equal competition.therefore,Since 2008,The foreign capital enterprise in our country internal unity to 25% of the income tax rate.Unified tax rate later,The foreign capital enterprise to further improve the quality of the investment,Further exert the competitive advantage.

　　

当前面临的主要问题及对策 Facing the current main problems and countermeasures

　　中国经济时报：今年以来，我国经济增长速度开始趋缓，企业效益出现下滑现象，您认为今后一段时期，我国在进一步促进企业改革与发展方面，面临的主要挑战是什么，我们应该如何调整政策，促进企业更好地发展？

China economic times:Since this year,Our country's economic growth speed start to slow down,Enterprise benefit slipping phenomena appears,Do you think for a long time,Our country in further promote enterprise reform and development,The main challenges of is what,We should how to adjust policy,To promote the development of enterprises better?

　　赵昌文：虽然近十年来我国企业改革取得了重要的突破，但仍然存在一些问题，需要进一步关注和解决，从而更好地提高我国企业的活力和竞争力，适应新时期我国企业参与国际竞争的需要。

ZhaoChangWen:Although nearly 10 years to our country enterprise reform has made an important breakthrough,But there are still some problems,Need to be further attention and solution,So as to better improve our country enterprise vitality and competitiveness,In China in the new period to adapt to the needs of the enterprises to participate in the international competition.

　　首先，国有企业改革仍需进一步取得突破。国有企业仍存在不少尚未解决的体制和机制问题，影响了国有企业的有效治理和效率改善。包括：国有资本和国有企业的目标与边界不明确问题；国有经济布局领域仍然过宽过多问题；产权制度改革停滞不前问题；国有股一股独大和老体制管新体制问题；企业效率不高、资本效率不高，并且占用稀缺资源问题；政府对国有企业干预较多并且双边责任不清问题；国有企业迫于资产保值增值的压力以及防范各种风险，与民企合作过于谨慎的问题。在国资体制、国企产权结构、公司治理等方面，也尚有一些未解决的矛盾和问题，影响国有企业的长期发展。因此，有必要进一步完善国家所有权政策，明确国有资本的功能定位、国有经济布局的具体领域和控制方式；进一步完善国有资产的管理体制和运营机制；进一步推进国有企业产权制度改革；进一步建立规范有效的公司治理机制，等等。

First of all,The reform of state-owned enterprises still need further breakthroughs.State-owned enterprises still exist many unsolved system and mechanism,Influence of state-owned enterprises in the effective management and efficiency improvement.including:The state-owned capital and state-owned enterprise goals and boundary ambiguity;State-owned economy layout area still too wide too much problem;The property rights system reform stagnant problem;A state-owned shares with single and old system pipe new system;Enterprise efficiency is not high/Capital efficiency is not high,And take up scarce resources;The government intervention of state-owned enterprises more and bilateral responsibility problem;State-owned enterprises are under the pressure of appreciation of its assets and guard against all kinds of risks,And corporation cooperation too cautious problem.In the system of salt/State-owned enterprise property right structure/Corporate governance, etc,Also there are some outstanding contradictions and problems,Influence of the state-owned enterprise long-term development.therefore,It is necessary to further improve the property of the state policy,Clear the function orientation of state-owned capital/The layout of the state-owned economy specific fields and control mode;To further improve the state-owned assets management system and operation mechanism;Further to promote state-owned enterprise property right system reform;Further set up standard effective corporate governance mechanism,, etc.

　　其次，中小企业进一步发展仍存在一些问题。企业研究所经过这两年大范围的调查研究，对此归结了七个方面，一是中小企业融资难、融资贵，二是税费负担仍然较重，三是土地、物流、电力、劳动力等要素成本上升显著已削弱了部分行业国际竞争比较优势，四是原材料、大宗资源产品价格剧烈波动，五是政策环境及商务环境的市场化改革仍需进一步深化，六是资源环境压力持续加大，七是国际市场的不确定性亟须宏观政策的指导。

secondly,The further development of small and medium-sized enterprises still has some problems.Enterprise institute after the two years a wide range of research,Boil down to seven aspects,One is small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult/Financing your,The second is tax and fee burden is heavier,The third is the land/logistics/power/Elements such as labor cost rise significantly weaken some of the industry has comparative advantage of international competition,The fourth is raw materials/Bulk resources product prices fluctuated violently,5 it is policy environment and business environment of market reform still needs further deepening,The sixth is the pressure on resources and environment continue to widen,Seven is the international market uncertainty underlines the macroscopic policy guidance.

　　未来中小企业政策的着力点，一是进一步改善中小企业发展的外部环境，切实加强反垄断执法，合理配置公共资源，在土地供给、城市规划、园区招商、政府采购等方面为中小企业提供公平发展机会。二是以小型和微型企业为重点加强财税扶持力度，显著增加财政对中小企业投入，通过设立中小企业发展银行、金融商业模式创新等措施切实解决中小企业融资难融资贵问题。三是在减轻企业负担的同时，加强中小企业的能力建设，包括公共技术服务提升、培训服务体系建设、信息平台建设等，促进企业技术进步、管理升级和发展转型。

The future policy of small and medium enterprises is the key,One is to further improve the external environment of the small and medium-sized enterprise development,Strengthen anti-monopoly enforcement,Rational allocation of public resources,In the land supply/Urban planning/Park investment/Government procurement, etc for small and medium-sized enterprises to provide fair development opportunities.The second is small and micro enterprise as the key to strengthen the finance and tax the support strength,Significant increasing financial input for small and medium-sized enterprises,Through the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprise development bank/Financial business model innovation measures to effectively solve the small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult financing your problem.The third is to reduce the burden of enterprises at the same time,Small and medium-sized enterprises to strengthen the ability construction,Including public technology to serve ascension/Training service system construction/Information platform construction, etc,Promote enterprise technology advancement/Upgrade management and development of transformation.

　　第三，对外资企业主要是如何协调吸引外资与部分行业的产业安全问题。改革开放以来，大量外资的进入对中国一些产业也带来一定冲击和负面影响，尤其是部分行业的内资企业、特别是行业龙头企业被外资并购，对相关产业安全构成了压力，在这方面要兼顾吸引外资与国家经济安全的关系。

The third,Enterprises with foreign capital is mainly how to coordinate and attract foreign investment in some industries industry safety problem.Since the reform and opening up,A large amount of foreign capital into China to some industry also brought a certain impact and negative influence,Especially in some industries of domestic enterprise/Especially the industry leading enterprises foreign mergers and acquisitions,The relevant industry safety constitute the pressure,In this respect to give attention to two or morethings attract foreign capital and the relationship between the national economic security.

　　最后，我国企业“走出去”，最主要的是如何加强对企业的帮助。当前我国企业总体上仍处于“走出去”的起步发展阶段，许多企业对国外的经济和法制环境不熟悉，缺乏国际经营和对外投资的专业人员以及经验，也需要大量的资金支持，在这些方面政府都需要加强为企业“走出去”的服务。

finally,Our country enterprise"Go out",The mainest is how to strengthen the enterprise help.The current our country enterprise overall is still in"Go out"Start stage of development,Many enterprises for foreign economic and legal environment are not familiar with,The lack of international business and foreign investment professionals and experience,Will need a lot of money to support,In these aspects need to strengthen the government for the enterprise"Go out"service.

　

　创新决定未来 Innovation to decide the future

　　中国经济时报：从其他各国发展经验看，随着经济发展到一定水平都面临产业结构调整和企业升级问题，您认为我国应如何促进企业转型升级？

China economic times:From other countries development experience to look at,Along with the economic development to a certain level are all faced with the adjustment of industry structure and enterprise upgrade problem,Do you think China should how to promote the transformation and upgrading of enterprises?

　　赵昌文：当前和今后一个时期，世界经济和我国经济都处在加快调整、深刻变革的重要阶段。国际金融危机加快了全球经济结构调整和经济体系变革的步伐，科技创新和产业转型孕育新的突破，新兴经济体的群体性崛起引人瞩目。国内比较优势正在从低成本向大市场、配套能力、规模经济和提高劳动生产率方向转变。企业发展面临的生产要素和资源环境约束也日渐加大。正是在此背景下，国家提出了建设创新型国家的战略目标。新的形势对我国各类企业的发展也提出了新的要求。只有从过去“拼资源、拼环境、拼成本”的粗放经营模式向“促创新、创品牌、讲效益”的集约模式转变，企业才能赢得未来竞争的胜利。

ZhaoChangWen:Current and future a period,The world economy and China's economy is in speed up the adjustment/Profound changes in the important stage.The international financial crisis to speed up the global economy structure adjustment and economic system of the pace of change,Science and technology innovation and industry transformation of creating new breakthrough,Emerging economies group rise eye-catching.Domestic comparative advantage is from low cost to the big market/Matching capacity/Economies of scale and improve labor productivity change direction.Facing the enterprise development factors of production and resources and environmental constraints is also growing.It is in this background,The country put forward the strategic goal of building a creative country.The new situation for the development of China's various types of enterprises has also put forward new requirements.Only from the past"Spell resources/Spell environment/Spell cost"The extensive management mode to"Promote innovation/Create brand/Speak benefit"Intensive mode transformation,Enterprise to win the future competition victory.

　　根据我们企业所今年上半年的大规模调研，我们发现自2008年国际金融危机以来我国企业发展呈现了一些新特征。突出表现在虽然多数企业仍处于低水平同质化竞争中，但也有不少企业在创新能力和品牌建设中取得一定突破。创新能力提升体现在三个方面：一是越来越多的企业注重生产设备的更新；二是企业研发人员及研发投入所占比例均不断上升；三是企业产品品种更加丰富并向高端化发展。越来越多的企业认为研发投入带来的作用非常显著，有助企业形成独特的竞争优势。从行业及国家层面看，我国在一些技术领域也有可能取得新的突破，达到世界先进水平。

According to our enterprises in the first half of this year's large-scale research,We found that since 2008, the international financial crisis since the our country business enterprise development the present some new characteristics.Outstanding performance in although most enterprise is still at a low homogenization competition,But there are also a lot of enterprises in the innovation ability and brand building made some breakthrough.Innovation to enhance the ability reflected in three aspects:One is more and more enterprises pay attention to production equipment update;The second is the enterprise research and development personnel and the proportion of r&d input are rising;Three is the enterprise product varieties more rich and to high-end development.More and more enterprise think r&d investment brings effect is very significant,Help enterprises to form unique competitive advantage.From industry and the national level to see,Our country in some technology also may achieve new breakthrough,To an advanced level in the world.

　　金融危机背景下，与创新能力和产品质量紧密相连的品牌对企业利润的提升和市场地位的作用进一步突显。调研中发现，已经建立品牌优势的企业，受经济减速影响相对较少，甚至发展得更好。不少加工贸易型出口企业已经开始从无品牌向有品牌发展。服装纺织、玩具加工、家电、IT、日化、通信等行业中贴牌企业近年都开始重视发展自主品牌。不少企业亦开始从单一品牌向多品牌转变，拥有商标数量增长迅速。品牌的建立和维护往往要与技术优势及产品质量相结合。

Under the background of financial crisis,And innovation ability and product quality are closely linked to the brand of the business enterprise profits ascension and market status of the role further highlight.Research found that,Has been established brand advantages of enterprise,By economic deceleration influence is relatively less,Even development better.A lot of processing trade export enterprise had begun to have no brand, brand development.textile/Toys processing/Home appliance/It/cosmetic/Communication, and other industries OEM enterprise in recent years are beginning to pay attention to the development of independent brands.Many companies also began from a single brand to more brand transformation,Has the number of trademark the rapid growth.Brand establishment and maintenance often and technology advantages and product quality combination.

　　但我们也发现企业在转型发展中仍存在不少困难。企业对创新与品牌的重要性有越来越充分的认识，但在进一步提升创新能力和品牌建设中仍有不少重大困难。首先，基础和关键行业的核心技术长期不能突破，也难以从国外引进，给企业的技术赶超及长期竞争力带来巨大障碍。例如，装备制造的基础工艺、基础元器件及原材料的落后，使得高端装备制造业与国外的差距越来越大，特种钢材冶炼技术缺乏。我国机床产业的市场规模在不断扩大，但国产机床在国内市场的占有率却在逐年下降。2009年，国产机床国内市场份额为70%，2011年下降到60%?今年一季度仅为50%。技术是决定产业竞争力强弱的关键因素之一。

But we also found that appeared in the development of enterprises still exist many difficulties.The enterprise to innovation and the importance of the brand has more and more fully understanding,But in further improve innovation ability and brand building there are still many major difficulties.First of all,Basic and key industry the core technology of the long-term could not break through,Also difficult to introduce from abroad,To the enterprise technology catch up and long-term competitiveness bring huge obstacle.For example,The basis of equipment manufacturing process/Basic components and raw material lag behind,The top end of the equipment manufacturing industry and foreign gap is more and more big,Special steel smelting technology lack.China machine tool industry market scale is gradually expanding,But the domestic machine tool in the domestic market share is to drop year by year.In 2009,,Domestic machine tool domestic market share is 70%,Dropped to 60% in 2011?In the first quarter of this year is only 50%.Technology is the competitiveness of the industry of decision of the strength of the one of the key factors.

　　其次，熟练技工和高端管理及技术人才缺乏。调查问卷统计结果显示，30.7%的企业认为“缺乏高端人才”是当前妨碍企业转型的最大困难。另外，有21.7%的企业认为企业面临“优秀人才流动性大，不稳定”的问题。针对技术创新问题，企业面临的首要困难也是缺乏研究人员，其次是缺乏技术研究合作伙伴和难以引进或购买相关技术。

secondly,Skilled worker and high-end management and lack of technical talents.Questionnaire statistical results show that,30.7% of the enterprise think"Lack of high-end talent"Is currently the biggest difficulty in enterprise transformation.In addition,21.7% of the enterprise that enterprise face"Excellent talent liquidity big,unstable"problems.According to the problems of technology innovation,Enterprise faced with the primary difficulty is a lack of the researchers,The second is the lack of technical research partners and difficult to introduce or purchase related technologies.

　　第三，本土品牌的形成及发展难度大。发展品牌本身投入大，周期长，风险和不确定性高，加之各个行业都有外国知名品牌的挤压，本土品牌的形成面临强大的市场压力。此外，本土品牌的形成也尚未得到国内市场的充分支持。比如本土品牌在进入各大卖场时大多都会遭遇比外国品牌更高的价格和更苛刻的条件。

The third,The formation and development of the local brand is difficult.To develop the brand itself into big,Cycle is long,High risk and uncertainty,Together with various industries have foreign famous brand extrusion,The formation of local brand facing powerful market pressure.In addition,The formation of local brand also has not been fully support the domestic market.Such as local brand in into the big box will encounter when most than foreign brand higher prices and more harsh terms.

　　为赢得未来，企业创新不仅需要直接的创新支持政策，还需要配套的人力资源政策以及具有稳定性和持续性的政策环境。近年来，我国各级政府在这些方面都给予了充分重视，但仍有需要完善的地方。

To win the future,Enterprise innovation is not only need to direct innovation support policy,Still need to form a complete set of human resources policies and with stability and sustainable policy environment.In recent years,The Chinese governments at all levels in these aspects are given full attention,But there is still a need to perfect place.

　　创新政策体系可从五方面进行完善：一是应对传统产业创新给以更多重视。二是要改革科技投入体制，改变目前科技经费分散在各个部门的散乱格局，特别是要调整研发投入结构，将研发经费向企业倾斜，使企业真正成为技术创新主体，推动创新体系协调发展。三是要改革科研成果、技术转移机制，通过需求鼓励、将政策性支持资金与创新成果产业化结果挂钩等方式支持企业加快科技成果转化和产业化。四是要完善科技评价体系，提高科研经费投入产出效率，如可通过成立国际咨询委员会进行同行评议等方式完善科研成果评估体系。五是要切实加强知识产权保护，使其真正成为鼓励创新、奖励先进的有效工具；同时，也要避免滥用专利保护以实现知识产权权利人的利益和社会公共利益的平衡。

Innovation policy system from the five aspects of perfect:One is to deal with the traditional industry innovation given more attention.The second is to reform the system of investment in science and technology,To change the present science and technology fund scattered in various sectors of the scattered pattern,Especially to adjust the structure of r&d investment,The research and development funds to enterprise tilt,Make the enterprise become a real technology innovation main body,To promote coordinated development of innovation system.Three is to reform achievements in scientific research/Technology transfer mechanism,Through the demand to encourage/Will the policy support funds and innovation achievement industrialization results with ways to support enterprises to speed up the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and industrialization.Four is to improve science and technology evaluation system,To improve scientific research funds input and output efficiency,If can be established through international advisory committee in peer-reviewed scientific research methods such as perfect evaluation system.The fifth is to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights,Make it become a real encourage innovation/Reward advanced effective tool;At the same time,Also want to avoid abuse of patent protection in order to realize the holder of the intellectual property right of the interest and the social public interest balance.

　　人力资源政策也可以为企业创新提供重要支持。一方面，应继续借鉴以往先进经验，例如许多地方反映中组部的“千人计划”起到了较好的效果；鼓励各地区进一步探索吸引海内外人才的模式。例如中关村管委会、武汉东湖新区等为海内外高端人才提供从股权激励、财产权保护、签证绿卡等一系列服务，加强对海外人才的吸引力。对于内陆欠发达地区尤其要创新对高级管理和技术人才优惠和鼓励措施。另一方面，应加强人力资源的培训，要适应产业升级和结构调整的需要，整合各部门的技能培训资金和资源，加大农村劳动力和中小企业员工的技能培训；三是要加快农民工市民化进程，提高产业工人稳定性。优先解决有落户需求的技能型农民工在务工地融入并定居下来，为企业的技能型人才提供充足和稳定的来源，建立起扎根于务工地的熟练制造业技术工人队伍。

Human resources policy also can provide important support for the enterprise innovation.On the one hand,Should continue to reference the advanced experiences in the past,For example, many local reflect the genera"One thousand people plan"Have a good effect;Encourage all regions to further explore the mode of attracting talents at home and abroad.For example, zhongguancun the ac/Wuhan east lake district as both at home and abroad to provide high-end talent from the stock ownership incentive/Property rights protection/Visa green card and a series of services,To strengthen the appeal of overseas talents.For inland less developed areas especially innovation to senior management and technical personnel preferential and encourage measures.On the other hand,Should strengthen human resources training,In order to adapt to the upgrading of the industrial structure adjustment and the need,Integration of each department skills training capital and resources,Increase the rural labor force and the small and medium-sized enterprise staff's skill training;The third is to speed up the urbanization process of migrant workers,To improve the stability of industrial workers.Give priority to have settled in demand skilled migrant workers to go in and settle down in,For enterprise's skilled talents to provide a sufficient and stable source,Rooted in the build up to go to skilled manufacturing technology workers.

　　继续形成具有稳定性和可持续性的政策环境对于企业创新至关重要。中国正处于经济社会的加速转型期，政府的政策既要有应对当前问题的短期政策，更要有长期坚持并且保持稳定的战略方向及政策框架，决不能因为短期应急的需要忽视甚至背离长期的政策目标。对于企业而言，如果政策多变并且有套利机会，就很容易导致企业短期投机行为，影响企业的创新、转型和升级等长期战略。根据长期政策目标，对地方政府实行与转型发展相适应的指标体系和考核体系，这将有利于有长远规划的优秀企业创新发展。关键在于保持政策的稳定性和连续性，如坚持执行稳健的货币政策和积极的财政政策，通过严格控制通货膨胀和物价水平保持企业成本的相对稳定。

Continue to form a stability and sustainable policy environment for enterprise innovation is crucial.China is in the acceleration of economic and social transformation,The policy of the government should not only have to deal with the problem of short term policy,More to have insist for a long time and keep stable strategic direction and policy framework,Never for short-term emergency needs neglect or even departure from long-term policy goals.For enterprise in,If policy changeable and arbitrage opportunities,It is easy to lead to enterprise short-term speculative behavior,Affect the enterprise innovation/Transformation and upgrade, long-term strategy.Based on the long-term policy goals,For local governments to adapt to the development and transformation of the index system and the evaluation system,This will be good for a long term planning of excellent enterprise innovation and development.The key is to keep the stability of the policy and continuity,Such as adhere to carry out the steady monetary policy and proactive fiscal policy,Through the strict control inflation and price level keep the enterprise cost of relative stability.