农业商业性金融、政策性金融和合作金融作为农业金融的基本机构，必须形成合理的分工格局和运营定位，建构农业金融支持体系，改变农村金融资源逆向流动与逆向扭曲配置，增强农业金融支持的力度与效力。

Agricultural commercial finance/Policy finance and cooperative finance as agricultural finance basic mechanism,Must form a reasonable division of labor pattern and operating location,Construction of agricultural financial support system,Change the rural financial resources allocation of reverse flow and reverse distortion,Enhance agricultural financial support strength and effectiveness.

　　农业是发展中国家的基础性产业，农业金融问题表现得尤为显著，如何改善农业发展与增长的金融环境成为发展中国家金融建设的主题。

Agriculture is the basic industry in developing countries,Agricultural financial problem appears especially significant,How to improve the agricultural development and growth of the financial environment become developing countries financial construction theme.

　农业金融面临的问题 Agricultural finance are faced with the problem

　　我国农业资本积累规模相对处于偏低水平，农业产业弱质在某种意义上源于金融弱质。

China's agricultural capital accumulation scale relative at very low levels,Weak agricultural industry in a certain sense from weak financial.

　　第一，农业金融基础脆弱。一是在二元金融结构下，正规金融由于组织体系和组织结构便利条件，带有显著的逐利及城市化偏好，致使农村地区的金融资源严重供给不足。二是农业金融机构布局不合理。三是农村金融市场发展不健全，不但城市资金未能有效地流向农村，实现工业反哺农业，反而农村资金大量流入城市，成为制约和影响我国当前农村金融政策效应递减的重要因素。四是农业金融资源占用率低。

The first,Agricultural financial foundation weak.One is in the binary financial structure,Due to the formal financial organization system and organization structure convenient conditions,With significant by the urbanization and preference,The rural areas of financial resources is serious supply.The second is the agricultural financial institutions layout is not reasonable.The third is the rural financial market development is not sound,Not only the city funds failed to effectively flow to the rural,To realize the industrial regurgitation-feeding agriculture,Instead of a large number of rural capital into the cities,Be restricted and influenced China's current rural financial policy effect the important factor of decrease.The fourth is the agricultural financial resources occupancy rate is low.

　　第二，农业金融资源配置低效。一是我国农业和农村金融经济中，信息环境的低劣化特征非常明显，使正规金融不能够对农户形成完全有效的信贷需求。二是县域专业金融机构在吸收储蓄和增加信贷投放两个方面展开竞争，县域经济发展所需信贷规模日益紧缩，同时大量被吸收的储蓄不能够及时转换为投资资本，信贷资源配置扭曲。三是县域非专业金融机构合作产权变异扭曲了合作金融运营与配置职能。如地方政府的超经济权力的干预、委托人的外部监管失效等降低了农信社自身的经营绩效。

The second,Agricultural financial resource allocation inefficiency.One is our country agriculture and rural financial economy,The poor information environment geochemical characteristics are very obvious,Make formal financial not able to farmers to form a completely effective credit demand.The second is county professional financial institutions in the absorption savings and increase credit availability two aspects competition,County economic development scale of the credit crunch increasingly,At the same time a large number of absorbed savings can't timely conversion for investment capital,Credit allocation of resources distortion.The third is non-professional county financial institution cooperation property variation distorts the cooperative finance operation and configuration function.Such as local government beyond the economic power of the intervention/The external supervision failure and reduce the rural credit cooperative their business performance.

　　第三，逆向流动产生的抽血机制。具体表现形式有：某些金融制度规定而形成的制度性逆向流动；金融机构的体制缺陷所造成的农村金融资源的体制性逆向流动；农村金融资源从基层金融机构向上级金融机构集中、信用社向国有商业银行集中、农村向城市集中的经营性逆向流动；信贷资金由农业领域撤出转入非农产业领域，流向能够提供更高利率的非农经营者的逐利性逆向流动；特殊的邮政渠道、保险系统等渠道性逆向流动。

The third,Reverse flow produce exsanguinate mechanism.The specific form of expression have:Some financial rules and the formation of institutional reverse flow;Financial institution system caused by defects of rural financial resources of the institutional reverse flow;The rural financial resources from the basic financial institutions to superior financial institutions focus/Credit cooperatives to the state-owned commercial bank concentration/Rural areas to cities centralized business reverse flow;Credit funds from agriculture to non-agricultural industries out,Flow can provide higher interest rates non-agricultural operator's ZhuLiXing reverse flow;Special postal channel/Insurance system channel sex reverse flow.

　　第四，农业金融资源的逆向扭曲配置。一是金融资源配置在产业领域方面存在失调，越来越多的资金从基础性设施领域撤出。二是经济欠发达地区的资金短缺越来越严重，融资难度也越来越大且资金外流严重。三是农业信贷资金的很大一部分被配置在非生产性方面。四是农村金融机构的全部贷款余额中农业类贷款所占比例较低，配置的结构存在着一定的非农倾向。农业和农村金融资源的逆向流动所产生的抽血机制，逆向配置所导致的资源配置扭曲，使得金融支持农业乏力。

The fourth,Agricultural financial resources allocation reverse distortion.One is the allocation of financial resources in the industry field exists disorder,More and more funds from basic facilities withdraw field.The second is undeveloped areas is more and more serious shortage of funds,Financing difficulty also more and more serious and capital flight.The third is a large part of agricultural credit funds configured in unproductive aspects.The fourth is the rural financial institutions in all the outstanding balance of the loans agricultural class loan proportion is low,The configuration of the structure exist certain non-agricultural tendency.Agriculture and rural financial resources of the reverse flow generated exsanguinate mechanism,Reverse configuration in the allocation of resources distortion,Have made the financial support of agriculture lack of power.

　我国农业金融支持体系建构 China's agricultural financial support system construction

　　合理的农业金融支持体系应该由三种类型的支持构成，即商业性金融支持、合作金融支持、政策性金融支持。即使有了三种基本的支持要素，若要实现预期的支持效率，还必须要将它们有效建构。以商业性金融、合作金融和政策性金融所构成的三维空间奠定农业金融支持体系的基础平台，以农业资本形成和农业金融效率为基点构造农业金融支持的机制与路径方式，以农业增长与发展为核心演绎农业金融支持制度供给模式的基本框架，建构一种有效的金融支持体系。

Reasonable agricultural financial support system should be conducted by the three types of support constitute,Namely commercial financial support/Cooperation financial support/The policy financial support.Even with the three basic support elements,If you want to achieve the desired to support the efficiency,Also must put them effective construction.With commercial financial/Cooperative finance and policy finance consisting of three dimensional space laid the foundation of the agricultural financial support system platform,With the agricultural capital formation and agricultural financial efficiency as the base structure agricultural financial support mechanism and path way,With the agricultural growth and development as the core deductive agricultural financial support system supply mode of the basic framework,Construct an effective financial support system.

　　第一，农村合作金融支持。从合作金融的所有权优势和区位优势看，相对于其他类型的金融机构，具有更多的灵活性、可分割性，以及可转换性。同时，由于国有商业银行在农村金融市场的全部和部分撤出，给农村合作金融留下了巨大的区位市场空间，两者结合必然能够创造出一定的经营优势。多元化的金融体制制约，要求合作金融必须建立竞争性与盈利性、合作性与商业性的均衡机制；竞争性经济条件下的合作金融，长期发展必须追求规模经济与范围经济效应，规模成长至关重要；必须通过体制性改革完善合作金融的经济基础。

The first,Rural cooperative financial support.From the ownership of the cooperative finance advantages and location advantages to see,Compared with other types of financial institutions,Have more flexibility/severability,And transferability.At the same time,Due to the state-owned commercial Banks in rural financial market and some out of all,Give rural cooperative financial left a huge market space location,A combination of inevitable will be able to create a certain business advantage.Diversified financial institutional constraints,Ask cooperation financial must establish competitive and profitability/Cooperative and commercial equilibrium mechanism;Competitive economy condition of cooperative finance,Long-term development must be the pursuit of economies of scale and scope economy effect,Scale growth is very important;Must be through the systematic reform perfect cooperation financial economic foundation.

　　第二，农业政策性金融支持。作为一种既区别于财政金融又区别于完全商业性金融的特殊金融形式，政策性金融集财政与金融优势于一体，成为我国农业和农村经济发展金融支持体系的有机组成部分。政策性金融在我国金融体系中占有重要地位，一方面它充当政府贯彻实施农业政策的工具和窗口；另一方面又补充、纠正商业性金融在农业金融领域作用的不足和偏差。要避免政策性金融与商业性金融在体制上的趋同性，坚持市场性与政策性均衡原则，积极促进政策性金融的经营业务拓展和治理改进，不断提升其金融效率。合理推进政策性金融支持转型，扩展其支持边界，将直接、单一的流通领域价格支持有机转型到农业生产条件、生产规模、生产方式改善和多种经营方面，全方位完善并促进政策性金融的支持功能。将政策资源、社会资源进行有效整合，最大限度地利用并挖掘政策性金融的支持效应。

The second,Agricultural policy financial support.As a kind of difference between both in finance and commercial finance completely different from the special financial form,The policy financial set fiscal and financial advantage in a body,Become China's agricultural and rural economic development financial support system of the organic part.Policy finance in China occupies an important place in the financial system,On the one hand, it ACTS as the government implement agricultural policy tools and window;On the other hand added/Correct commercial financial in agricultural financial field effect the insufficiency and the deviation.To avoid the policy finance and commercial finance in system convergence,Adhere to the marketability and policy equilibrium principle,Actively promote the policy financial management business development and management improvement,Continuously improve its financial efficiency.Reasonable propulsion policy financial support transformation,Expand their support boundary,Will directly/Single circulation field support organic transformation to the agricultural production conditions/Production scale/Mode of production to improve and diversified business aspects,All-round improvement and promote the policy financial support function.Will policy resources/The effective integration of social resources,Make the best use of and mining policy financial support effect.

　　第三，商业性金融支持。一是从商业性金融支持的优势来看，农业要发展必须走规模化、产业化之路，而农业的规模化和产业化发展需要进一步提高农业信贷投入的集约化程度。在政策性金融和合作金融难以满足农业深化对资本投入和金融服务需求的情况下，促进商业性金融对农业和农村经济发展的支持力度，充分发挥商业性金融支持的主导性地位和作用具有战略性意义。二是完善农业金融支持制度，坚持建立健全农业金融体系，形成商业性金融、政策性金融和合作金融的激励兼容机制，分类指导，“一融一策”。三是逐步建立农业和金融有效率地互动。建立核心资本补充机制，争取财政部门支持，适当调低征收的所得税率，拓宽附属资本补充渠道，发行长期金融债券；推进农业产业化发展增强农业的产业吸融力；发挥农业金融支持效应，推动农业产业化向纵深发展，促使农业主导产业的形成。

The third,Commercial financial support.A financial support from commercial advantages to see,Agricultural development must go scale/Industrialization road,And agricultural scale and industrialization development there is a need to further improve the degree of agricultural credit into intensive.In the policy finance and cooperative finance is difficult to meet the agriculture to deepening the investment of capital and financial service needs,Promote the commercial financial for agricultural and rural economic development support,Give full play to the commercial financial support of the leading position and role of strategic significance.The second is to perfect agricultural financial support system,To establish and improve agricultural financial system,Form commercial finance/Policy finance and cooperative financial incentive compatible mechanism,Classification guidance,"A melting and a slip".Three is to build agriculture and financial efficiently interaction.To establish the core capital complementary mechanism,Support for financial department,Appropriate turn down to the collection of income tax rate,Broaden the attached capital supplementary channel,Issuance of long-term financial bonds;Promoting the industrialization of agriculture development enhance agricultural industry XiRong force;Play to agricultural financial support effect,To promote the further development of agricultural industrialization,To the formation of the agricultural leading industry.

　创新农业金融支持模式 Innovative agricultural financial support mode

　　首先，加大政府支持力度，开放农村金融市场，实现利率市场化，解除不必要的管制，创新农村金融机构，探索私有制银行的设立，逐步规范和引导民间金融，培育农村金融市场竞争机制，扩大农民选择金融服务范围，使农村金融产业逐步走向多元化和市场化。

First of all,To strengthen the government support,Open the rural financial market,To realize interest rate marketization,Remove unnecessary control,The innovation of rural financial institutions,Explore the establishment of private ownership bank,Gradually the standard and guide the folk finance,Cultivate the rural financial market competition mechanism,Expand farmers choose financial services range,Make the rural financial industry gradually towards diversity and marketization.

　　其次，加快金融工具创新，实践林地流转、林权抵押、担保基金等创新担保模式，打造融资平台，紧贴金融需求,创造出一大批社会效益和经济效益俱佳的金融产品。另外，要为农业企业提供更多上市融资和发行债券融资的机会，增加农业企业直接融资的比重，加快直接融资的发展。

secondly,Speed up financial tool innovation,Practice forestland circulation/Forest right mortgage/Guarantee fund innovation such as guarantee mode,Make financing platform,Financial needs to,Create a large number of social benefits and economic benefits of good financial products.In addition,To provide more for agricultural enterprises listed financing and bond financing of issue of the opportunity,Increase agricultural enterprises the proportion of direct financing,To speed up the development of direct financing.

　　再次，创新农村金融创新服务运作方式，在广大农村地区设立金融服务中心，物权交易中心、信用担保中心，搭建服务平台，办理物权证件，发展订单农业，建立多元化的农业技术创新融资服务体系。以完善的金融服务促进农业金融供给，实现农村经济发展和增长。

again,The innovation of rural financial innovation service operation mode,In the vast rural areas set up financial services centre,Property right transaction center/Credit guarantee center,Service platform,Deal with property right certificate,Development order agriculture,Establish a diversified agricultural technology innovation financing service system.To improve the financial services to promote agricultural financial supply,To realize rural economic development and growth.

　　最后，建立了多层次、多元化的农业保险体系，创新支持现代农业发展的农业保险模式。积极扶持农业风险投资业务发展，建立农业风险投资公司和农业风险投资基金，以此带动民间资本的参与，逐步形成完善的风险投资机制。

finally,A multi-class/Diversified agricultural insurance system,Innovation support to the development of modern agriculture agricultural insurance mode.Actively support agricultural risk investment business development,Establish agricultural risk investment company and agricultural risk investment funds,To promote the participation of private capital,Gradually formed perfect risk investment mechanism.

　　(作者单位为中国农业银行(601288,股吧)甘肃省分行)

(The author unit for the agricultural bank of China(601288,guba)Gansu branch)