本文通过分析中国传统信用文化契约信用发育不足，从制度与文化关系的角度，解释当前我国信用缺失既有制度因素，也有信用文化与信用制度不适应的原因。最后，通过案例分析次贷危机中的高盛“欺诈门”事件，深入探讨西方契约信用文化面临的挑战，同时指出我国传统信用文化在丰富、完善现代信用文化方面所具备的内在价值。

This paper through the analysis of the traditional Chinese credit culture contract credit insufficient development,From the Angle of the relation between the system and culture,Explain the current our country's credit detects both institutional factor,Also have credit culture and the credit system is not adapt to reason.finally,Through the case analysis the subprime crisis of Goldman sachs"Fraud door"events,Further discussed the western contract credit culture the challenge,At the same time, it is pointed out that China's traditional credit culture in rich/Improve the modern credit culture has the intrinsic value.

　　即便在《合同法》、《物权法》以及由中国人民银行主导推动建立的征信系统已经基本完善的情况下，我国合同履约率仅50%左右，逃废银行债务依然存在，赢了官司赔了钱的现象依旧很普遍。没有文化支撑的信用制度最终会缺少灵魂。本文试图从文化与制度的关系出发，分析探讨中国传统信用文化在市场经济中的局限和价值。

Even in[Contract law]/[Property law]And the people's bank of China leading promote the establishment of the credit system has been basically perfect circumstances,Our country contract execution rate of only 50%,Evasion of bank debt still exist,Won the lawsuit will lose money phenomenon is still very common.No cultural support credit system will eventually lack of soul.This article attempts from the culture and system based on the relationship between the,To analyze the traditional Chinese credit culture under the market economy of the limited and value.

　　中国传统信用文化的特点

The characteristics of traditional Chinese credit culture

　　任何伦理思想和道德规范的形成, 都是一定社会政治、经济和文化的产物。正是中国传统社会特殊的政治、经济和文化的糅合, 形成了中国传统信用文化的特点。

Any ethical thoughts and moral standard form, Are certain social politics/Economic and cultural products.It is in the traditional society of China, special political/Economic and cultural mix, Formed a traditional Chinese credit culture characteristics.

　　第一，从作用范围上看，中国传统信用作用于有限的社会关系，具有个人情感性。马克斯·韦伯认为，中国人的信任是一种基于血缘关系而形成和维系的特殊信任，对非血缘关系的“外人”, 普遍存在着防范、猜疑和不信任。我国古代的商业经营基本上是本着亲朋好友的合作原则,依赖的是个人的人格信义,积极维护同乡的利益, 推行“同乡互助”原则。

The first,Look from range,Chinese traditional credit role in limited social relations,Have individual affective.Max weber think,Chinese trust is a kind of based on the blood relationship and the formation and sustain special trust,To the blood relationship"stranger", There is a widespread prevention/Suspicion and mistrust.In ancient China business is basically in line with relatives and friends principle of cooperation,Rely on a person's personality faith,To maintain the interests of the fellow, implementation"Fellow countryman mutual"principle.

　　第二，从价值取向上看，中国传统信用依附于社会的差序格局，具有人伦等级性。中国传统社会结构是一种“差序格局”,每一个人都以己为中心，以血缘、人缘和地缘为纽带来建立社会关系网络。这种社会关系注重贵贱、亲疏、远近的差别次序。而作为维系这种社会关系的“信用”规范也是以人们之间的亲情或人情为纽带，维系和调节着人们之间的伦理关系的。

The second,Look from the value orientation,Chinese traditional credit attached to the social pattern of difference,Has the ethical level sex.Chinese traditional social structure is a kind of"Pattern of difference",Every man to himself as the center,With the blood relationship/Popularity and geopolitical as the link to establish a social relation network.This kind of social relations and pay attention to/or/The difference of far and near order.And as to sustain this kind of social relations"credit"Specification is between people with family or human as the link,Unifying and regulating the ethic relationship between between people.

　　第三，从行为方式上，中国传统信用侧重于约定的义理性质，具有人伦义理性。中国传统的信德，不仅强调“诚”的内在规定性，同时也强调“信”的义理性质。中国先哲在考证信德时，不把守信履约、言行一致作为绝对的行为准则，而是注重信德的精神实质，更看重其约定的正当性、合义性，把“义”看作是“信”的基础和践约的前提。只有合乎“义”的约定，才有履行承诺的道德要求。

The third,From the behavior,Chinese traditional credit focus on the agreed giri properties,Has the ethical righteous reason.The Chinese traditional sind,Not only emphasized the"sincere"Inherent regularity of,At the same time also emphasize"letter"Nature of Chinese.Chinese sages of the textual research in the faith,Don't keep promise performance/A congruent as absolute standard of conduct,But pay attention to the essence of faith,Think more of its agreed legitimacy/Close righteousness sex,the"righteousness"as"letter"The foundation and the premise of keep an appointment.Only with"righteousness"agreement,Have the promise of moral requirements.

　　第四，从约束机制上看，中国传统信用受制于社会的舆论压力，具有道德自律性。中国传统信用文化不是建立在制度和法律的基础上的，更多的是一种伦理信用，即将“诚”这种尊重事实与规律、待人待物真实无妄的态度和品行作为坚守“信”的道德基础，通过良心、信念等内部力量以及外部的社会舆论所带来的自身的荣辱感而实现的一种自我要求与克制，从根本上来说是一种源于内心的自我约束。

The fourth,Look from the restraint mechanism,Chinese traditional credit is subject to the social pressure of public opinion,Has the moral self-discipline.The traditional Chinese credit culture is not based on system and on the basis of the law,More is a kind of ethical credit,is"sincere"This respect facts and law/Others stay content real no false attitude and conduct as a stick to"letter"Moral foundation,Through the conscience/Faith and so on internal forces and external social public opinion brings its own RongRuGan and realization of a kind of self requirements and restraint,Basically is a kind of originates from inner self-discipline.

　　西方契约信用的特征

The western contract credit characteristics

　　市场经济是法治经济。为了追逐利润最大化，交换的范围远远突破自然经济条件下的“熟人圈”，面向全国甚至全世界，交易的对象也走向陌生人。在市场交易突破“熟人圈”的市场经济社会，市场交易也从人格化交易发展为契约化交易。在西方国家契约信用构成其现代信用文化的主体。综合看来，市场经济条件下，西方契约信用主要具有以下几个方面的基本特征:

Market economy is the rule of law economy.In order to pursue profit maximization,Exchange far breakthrough under the condition of natural economy"Circle of acquaintances",Facing the whole country and even the world,Transaction object also to strangers.In the market transaction breakthrough"Circle of acquaintances"Market economy society,Market transaction also from personification trade development for trading materialized.In the western countries contract credit constitute the main body of the modern credit culture.Comprehensive seems,Under the conditions of market economy,The western contract credit mainly has the following several aspects of basic features:

　　第一，契约信用的开放性。西方契约信用是建立在资本主义市场经济产生和发展的基础之上的，是陌生人之间的商事行为准则，它打破了血缘、地缘和亲缘的限制，使任何个人、组织和国家之间建立广泛的信用规则成为可能。

The first,Contract credit open.The western contract credit is established in the capitalist market economy based on the emergence and development of,Be a stranger between the commercial code of conduct,It broke the blood/The limitation of the geographical and relatedness,Make any personal/Organization and between nations with a wide range of credit rules possible.

　　第二，契约信用的平等性。西方契约信用都是具有独立经济地位的主体在平等互利的基础上自愿达成的协议，在社会经济交往中公平地行使权利并履行义务，诚实守信地进行公平交易，体现了“法律面前人人平等”的价值理念。

The second,Contract the equality of credit.The western contract credit are independent economic status in the main body of the basis of equality and mutual benefit an agreement voluntarily,In social and economic interactions fair to exercise their rights and perform their duties,The honest code of honor on fair trade,Embodies the"Everyone is equal before the law"Value concept of.

　　第三，契约信用的利益性。西方契约信用的建立是为资本主义市场经济的有效运转提供服务的，是建立在人们互惠基础上的。作为契约关系的主体，基本上是亚当斯密定义的“经济人”，他们都试图最大化地谋取利润。经济人在订立契约时就约定，大家都出让一部分权利和利益，同时又交换回自己的权利和利益，大家都必须信守承诺。

The third,Contract credit interest sex.The western contract credit was set up to the capitalist market economy and effective operation of the service,Is based on people on the basis of mutual benefit.As the main body of the contractual relationship,Basically is the definition of Adam Smith"agent",They are trying to maximize the profit for.Economic man in conclude contract agreed,Everyone to sell part of the rights and interests,At the same time in exchange for their own rights and interests,Everyone must keep the promise.

　　第四，契约信用的外部强制性。契约信用在本质上是一种工具理性，是一种他律的、外在的规则，而不是内在德性信用。它是通过外在的、显性的法律和制度体系，对守信人给予奖励，对不守信的人给予惩罚来实现的。恰恰是这样的外在的强制性规范进入人们的实际生活中，对大众的信用行为产生约束力。

The fourth,Contract credit external mandatory.Contract credit in essence is a kind of the tool rationality,Is a heteronomous/External rules,Rather than internal virtue credit.It is through the external/Dominant legal and institutional system,Keep promise to reward people,For does not keep your words people give punishment to achieve.Just is such external mandatory norms into people's real life,To public credit behavior produce binding upon both parties.

　　中国传统信用文化契约信用不足与当前社会信用缺失

The traditional Chinese credit culture contract credit deficiency and the current lack of social credit

　　在我国古代以合同形式表现的经济信用就已经出现过。但是这种合同信用更多的是一种人伦信用。主要表现为以下四点：第一，权利义务的规定通常都较为模糊，缺乏可操作的量化标准；第二，在约束机制上侧重于软约束，主要依靠社会舆论来保证，对于违反合同者很少要求承担法律责任；第三，从作用范围来看，多限于朋友、亲戚、邻里或熟人之间，带有较浓的人情、人伦色彩；第四，从价值趋向上看在处理义利关系上，重视人与人之间的“义”，强调信用关系是道德义务，应自觉遵守。在信用问题上，如果“义”和“利”发生冲突，则应该舍利而取义。

In ancient China with the contract form economic credit have appeared.But this contract credit more is a kind of ethical credit.Main show is the following four o 'clock:The first,The provisions of the rights and obligations are usually more fuzzy,Lack of operable quantitative standard;The second,In the restraint mechanism on upper soft constraint,Rely mainly on social public opinion to ensure,For breach of contract is rarely require bear legal responsibility;The third,From the range to see,More limited to friends/relatives/Neighborhood or acquaintance,With a strong human/Ethical color;The fourth,Look from value tendency in dealing with justice and relationship,Pay attention to interpersonal"righteousness",Emphasis on credit relationship is moral obligation,Should consciously abide by.In the credit problems,if"righteousness"and"the"conflict,It should be watching for righteousness.

　　中国传统的信用文化为何无法演化出现代契约信用呢？这是由我国传统信用文化所根植的社会关系和经济基础决定的。传统的“仁、义、礼、智、信”是一种依附在身份关系前提下的道德约束，是一种以义务而非以权利来划界的约束。而契约的精神就是独立主体间的平等，平等意味着对于身份的排斥。漫长的封建专制社会，身份等级是成为一切社会关系的基础，形成了重人治、轻法治的历史传统。人们不重视契约的签订和履行，签订契约意味着不信任；当违约发生时，也不是诉诸法律，而主要是依靠人情关系来解决，从而造成了近代我国民众的独立、开放的生活方式和平等观念极为缺乏，民主观念和法制意识淡薄，契约信用难以形成。

The traditional Chinese credit culture why can't evolved modern contract credit?This is the traditional Chinese credit culture of grounding social relations and economic basis decision.The traditional"kernel/righteousness/ceremony/wisdom/letter"Is a kind of attachment in the identity relationship under the premise of moral constraint,Is a compulsory rather than to the right to delimit constraints.And the spirit of contract is independent intersubjective equality,Equality means that for identity exclusion.The long feudal society,Class is to become the basis of all social relations,Formed heavy man/Light the history of "rule of law tradition.People do not attach importance to contract signing and performance,Indentured mean distrust;When the default occurs,Also not resort to law,And mainly depend on human relationship to solve,Thus caused the modern people in our country independent/Open way of life and equality is the lack of,Democratic concept and legal consciousness,Contract credit hard to form.

　　新中国成立后，长期的计划经济使得我国用命令和计划代替市场契约关系，许多契约关系的原则被行政权力扭曲变形，进一步淡化了人们的契约信用意识。在计划体制下，作为经济关系主体的个体经济、集体经济和国有经济，无不受到国家的严格控制，缺乏独立自由和平等的属性。

After the founding of,The long-term planned economy makes our command and plan instead of market contract relationship,Many contractual relationship principles are administrative power distortion,Further weakened the people's contract credit consciousness.In under the planning system,As the subject of economic relations individual economy/Collective economy and state-owned economy,By strict control of all countries,The lack of independence and freedom and equal attribute.

　　其实，信用缺失问题既不是中国独有的现象——很多发展中国家在由传统社会向现代化转型时期都出现过。改革开放以来，信用缺失问题就以各种形式出现。这既有社会转型时期法律制度不健全的原因，也有契约信用缺乏的缘故。一方面，转型时期与现代化相适应的现代市场经济要素及一系列与之配套的制度、组织体系还未能真正植根于社会内部，各种相关制度包括信用制度不健全或存在很多漏洞；另一方面，整个社会还缺乏与大规模市场交换相适应的信用文化传统，在国民的观念、心态及行为取向等方面，还缺少与现代化及现代市场经济体系相衔接的契约信用理念。因此，转型时期传统价值体系必然要同新建立的市场经济规则发生冲突，而冲突的结果就是出现市场道德秩序混乱，并蔓延到其他领域。

In fact,Lack of credit is not China's unique phenomenon - many developing countries from the traditional society to the modern transformation period had appeared.Since the reform and opening up,Lack of credit problems appear in various forms.This period of social transformation as the legal system is not sound reasons,Also have contract because of lack of credit.On the one hand,Transformation and modernization of adapt to modern market economy factor and a series of ancillary system/Organization system is not really rooted in social internal,All kinds of related system including credit system is not sound or existence a lot of loopholes;On the other hand,The whole society is the lack of large-scale market exchange and adapt to the credit culture tradition,In the national concept/Mentality and behavior orientation, etc,Still lack and modernization and modern market economy system the coherent contract credit concept.therefore,Transformation of traditional value system must with the newly established rules of market economy conflict,And the result of conflict is appeared market moral order,And spread to other areas.

　　在市场经济环境下，一旦遇到外界经济利益的诱惑，这种缺乏社会规范、仅靠道德约束的个人“美德”很容易瓦解。

In a market economy environment,Once meet outside the temptation of economic benefits,This lack of social norms/Only by the moral restraint personal"virtue"Very easy to collapse.

　　（作者均为中国人民银行武汉分行征信管理处课题组成员）

(The authors are wuhan branch of the people's bank of China credit management task group member)