它来自于21世纪教育研究院的《农村教育布局调整十年评价报告》。教育部随即澄清，近年来城镇化人口流动性不断增强，学者使用原有的辍学率计算方法，得出数据并不准确。但过度“撤点并校”的后遗症，已引起教育界忧思。本报2012年12月28日见报的《“中国式撤点并校”大凉山样本调查》，报道大凉山的农村教育格局已被完全改变。

It comes from the 21 st century education research institute[Rural education evaluation report layout adjustment of ten years].The ministry of education and clarification,In recent years the urbanization has greatly enhanced the mobility,Scholars use the original dropout rates calculation method,That data is not accurate.But too much"Removed some 并校"The sequela,Sorrow is hushed into the educational circles has caused.News from China on December 28, 2012["Chinese 并校 removed"DaLiangShan sample survey],Reported DaLiangShan pattern of rural education has been totally changed.

　　十年“中国式撤点并校”后，是否会走上恢复村小之路？我国农村的教育格局又该走向何方？对此，中国青年报记者继续深度探访。

In ten years"Chinese 并校 removed"after,Whether to go on the road to recovery school?China's rural education pattern where it is?this,China youth daily reporter visits to depth.

辍学之痛：“新的历史高峰期” Drop out of the pain:"The new historical peak"

　　在甘肃省平凉市泾川县荔堡镇，张博老师发现，农村的学生越来越少了。

In fort JingChuanXian li town, pingliang, gansu province,ZhangBo teacher found,The rural students have less and less.

　　荔堡镇共有18所小学，2000多名学生，“大约每年都会少50个孩子”。越来越多的孩子从村小流向中心小学，大都是因为农村父母的要求。

Li town there are 18 primary school,More than 2000 students,"About 50 fewer children every year".More and more children from school to the center primary school,Mostly because rural parents' request.

　　这几年来，小规模的农村学校陆续消亡。今年秋天，荔堡镇一所村小的报名效果不理想，开学后家长看到学生太少，于是带自己的孩子转学，“顿时人走了个精光”。随后，这所学校就被撤掉了。

Over the past few years,Small rural school in succession.This fall,Li town of a school application effect is not ideal,Parents see students after school too,And bring their children to transfer,"Suddenly had gone".then,This school is closing.

　　21世纪教育研究院的《农村教育布局调整十年评价报告》统计，2000年到2010年，在我国农村，平均每一天就要消失63所小学、30个教学点、3所初中，几乎每过1小时，就要消失4所农村学校。

In the 21 st century education research institute[Rural education evaluation report layout adjustment of ten years]statistics,From 2000 to 2010,In rural areas in China,On average every day will disappear, 63 primary schools/30 school/3 middle school,Almost every 1 hour,Will disappear and rural schools.

　　学者发现，这一速度，已经远超过了农村学生减少的速度。据东北师范大学农村教育研究所刘善槐研究，2000年至2005年学生数量的减少比例均小于4%，从2006年至今，这一比例已经小于3%。

Scholars have found that,The speed,Has far more than the rural students to reduce speed.According to the northeast normal university institute of rural education LiuShanHuai research,Reduce the proportion of the number of students from 2000 to 2005 were less than 4%,Since 2006,The proportion is less than 3%.

　　“但学校的减少幅度却没有随之缓和。”刘善槐说，从2000年开始，我国每年小学学校数量的减少比例均超过6%。

"But not narrowed by school with ease."LiuShanHuai said,Starting in 2000,In our country every year by more than 6% reduction in the number of primary school.

　　刘善槐的话，一针见血。“在学龄人口的地理分布基本没变的前提下，只要学校减少的速度一直大于学生减少的速度，上学的距离持续增加，寄宿制学校建设未能及时跟上，辍学率剧增的临界点必然会出现。”

LiuShanHuai words,Hit the nail on the head."In the school-age population under the premise of the geographical distribution of basic did not change,As long as the school to reduce the speed has been greater than that of students to reduce speed,The increasing distance to go to school,Failed to keep up with the boarding school construction,The critical point of dropout rates increase will inevitably appeared."

　　据中国教育学会农村教育分会理事长、河北省教育厅原巡视员韩清林调研，这个临界点出现在2008年。

According to the Chinese education to rural education branch director/Hebei provincial department of education the inspector HanQingLin research,The critical point in 2008.

　　“从那一年开始，全国小学辍学率出现大幅度回升。”

"Since that year,The national primary school dropout rates appear sharply rebounded."

　　韩清林历数，1991年，全国小学辍学生303.23万人、辍学率24.77‰；此后辍学率逐年下降。到2000年，辍学生减少到62万人，辍学率降到4.58‰。但2008年辍学人数回升到63.25万人，2009年92.64万人，2010年82.83万人，2011年88.33万人，年辍学率分别为5.99‰、8.97‰、8.22‰、8.89‰，“与1997年至1999年的辍学水平大体相当”。

HanQingLin recite,In 1991,,The national primary school dropout of 3.0323 million people/24.77 the rate of dropouts is‰;Since dropout rates decreased year by year.By the year 2000,Dropout reduced to 620000 people,Dropout rates dropped to 4.58‰.But in 2008, the number dropped out up to 632500,926400 people in 2009,828300 people in 2010,883300 people in 2011,Dropout rates in 5.99‰/8.97‰/8.22‰/8.89‰,"And from 1997 to 1999 of the school level generally".

　　我国小学辍学率有没有大幅度反弹？是否“回到十年前的水平”？

China's primary school dropout rates have greatly?Whether or not"Back to the level of ten years ago"?

　　教育部有关负责人11月23日答记者问时表示，10多年来，小学生辍学率都没有高于1%的国家控制线，特别是近年来，小学五年巩固率一直比较稳定，“说明我国小学控辍保学的措施是成功的”。“但由于我国学生基数较大，辍学问题仍需得到长期关注。”

November 23, head of the ministry of education said when a reporter asked,More than a decade,Elementary school students dropout rates are no higher than 1% of the state line,Especially in recent years,Five years of primary school 巩固率 has been relatively stable,"That our country elementary school learning and control measures is successful"."But due to the large base of students in our country,Drop out problems still need to get attention for a long time."

　　在这其间，小学低年级成了辍学的主体。韩清林研究发现，2008年、2009年和2010年，小学一到三年级的辍学率分别占辍学生总数的86.8%、73.7%和89.9%。“这成为了新一个历史高峰期。”

In the meantime,The elementary school lower grade has become the main body of the school.HanQingLin study found,In 2008,/2009 and 2010,One to three grade of dropout rates respectively accounted for 86.8% of the total number of dropout/73.7% and 89.9%."This has become a new a historic peak."

　　“因为农村撤并的主要是村小和教学点，它们恰恰在交通最不便的地方，对小学低年级学生的影响是最大的。”刘善槐说，“低年级学生年龄小，他们无法忍受长时间的徒步上学，也没有足够的能力应对路途中的安全隐患。一旦上学距离超出了一定的范围，而学校的宿舍建设与管理未能跟上，家长往往会让其辍学，直到其年龄能够承受该距离，才可能让其重新回到学校。”

"Because of the merging is school and school,They just in the place where the most inconvenient traffic,The influence of the elementary school lower grade students is the biggest of all."LiuShanHuai said,"Junior student age,They can't stand for long periods of time to go to school on foot,Also don't have enough ability to deal with the way of the safe hidden trouble.As soon as school is beyond the scope of a certain distance,The construction and management of the school dormitory failed to keep up with,Parents tend to drop out of school,Until the age to withstand the distance,Possible to return to school."

走读之伤 Day of the injury

　　大规模撤点并校，导致农村学生家庭距离学校变远，各种不规范的“土校车”应运而生。校车事故连年频发，不断夺走年幼的生命，成为全国的伤痛。

Large-scale 并校 removed,In the countryside student family is far from school,All kinds of nonstandard"The school bus"Arises at the historic moment.The school bus accident in successive years frequent,Constantly claimed the life of the young,Become the nation's wounds.

　　在河北省张家口市哈咇嘎乡，从2004年开始，五六年级的学生集中到中心小学上学，后逐步扩大到三四年级。现在，乡中心小学一至六年级有173个学生，留守儿童占到四分之一。村里保留的教学点，一般只有六七个孩子和1位老师。

In zhangjiakou, hebei province, 咇 honk,Starting in 2004,Five or six years of student on center elementary school,After gradually extended to three or four grade.now,Township center there are 173 students in primary school is grade 1 to 6,Unattended children accounted for a quarter.Keep the school in the village,Generally only a dozen children and a teacher.

　　孩子最远的家离学校有25华里，学校采用了寄宿制。“县政府没有同意给学校配备校车，孩子们周末回家都靠家长自己想办法。为了防止事故，学校要求家长一辆车最多只能带两个孩子。我们安排两名老师守在校门口，每个班主任守在自己班的门口，家长来接孩子都要签字。”哈咇嘎乡中心小学马校长说。

Children have 25 li farthest from the school,Using the boarding school."The county government did not agree with the school bus to school,Children depend on their parents think of some way to go home on the weekend.In order to prevent the accident,Most schools ask their parents a car can only take two children.We arrange two teachers at the school gate,Each teacher in charge at the entrance to his class,Parents come to pick up children to sign it."Ha 咇 ga ma township center elementary school principal said.

　　而张博老师所在的荔堡镇小学并没有寄宿制，孩子们都是以走读为主。距离远的孩子，父母在学校周围租房子照顾孩子上学。

The ZhangBo teacher li town where the elementary school was not boarding,The children are in day.Distance of the child,Parents around the school to rent a house to take care of their children to school.

　　这样造成的经济负担，在被撤校的农村地区更为普遍。“学生往返需要家长或请人护送，负担加重。寄宿在学校，生活费用就大幅增加。一些边远地区出现的家长租房陪读，负担更成倍上涨。”韩清林说。

This economic burden,Was removed from the school is more common in rural areas."Students need to parents or back and forth an escort, please,The burden.Boarding in school,The cost of living is greatly increased.Some remote areas of the parents or relatives can apply for to rent,Burden more doubled."HanQingLin said.

　　随着村小的消失，诞生的是许多急剧膨胀的中心校。中国青年报了解到，多省都存在农村中心校超容的现象。

Along with the disappearance of the school,Is that many of the birth of ZhongXinJiao of rapid expansion.China youth daily to know that,Many provinces have the phenomenon of rural ZhongXinJiao super capacitors.

　　“很多家长还想送一二年级的孩子到中心小学，但是太小的孩子需要专门的生活老师照顾，现在老师少，没有办法满足需求。”马校长对中国青年报记者说。

"Many parents want to send 12 children to center elementary school,But too small children need special teacher take care of life,Now the teacher less,Have no way to meet demand."The horse the headmaster said to China youth daily reporter.

　　韩清林认为，高中向县城集中、初中向城镇集中，必然带来教育质量提高，但他强调，小学低年级不适宜集中办学。

HanQingLin think,High school to concentrate in the county/Junior middle school to concentrated in towns,Inevitably brought to improve education quality,But he stressed that,The elementary school lower grade not suitable for concentration.

　　“撤并农村教学点的弊端，不仅是不利于农村适龄儿童入学、导致辍学，而且不利于普及农村学前三年教育。教学点都没有了，普及学前教育更无从谈起。”

"The disadvantages of the merging of rural school,Is not only detrimental to the rural school-age children entrance/To drop out of school,But also unfavorable to the popularization of rural pre-school education for three years.There is no more school,Universal pre-school education more mentioned."

　　在四川的大凉山，学前教育是“最弱的短板”。在至少需要20所幼儿园的县，全县一共仅一所幼儿园。地方政府坦承，无法筹足地方财政配套资金，“砸锅卖铁都办不起”。

DaLiangShan in sichuan,Pre-school education is"The weakest short board".In at least 20 kindergartens in the county,The county a total of only a kindergarten.The local government admitted,Can't get enough local finance supporting funds,"Do not surrender one's last resource".

　　“国家要求2020年普及乡村学前教育，这个蓝图很伟大，但如果措施跟不上，就是可望不可及的。”凉山州的基层教师直言不讳。

"National requirements in 2020 rural pre-school education popularization,The blueprint is very great,But if measures can't keep up,It is not."Liangshan prefecture of grassroots teachers outspoken.

恢复村小：“不是低水平的机械恢复” Restore school:"Not low levels of mechanical recovery"

　　“撤点并校是在农村教育布局调整的大背景下进行的，我们不能完全否认它的必要性。”多年从事农村教育研究的华中师范大学教授范先佐说，“但是实践中，一些地方确实做过了头，撤得过多。”

"Removed some 并校 is in rural education under the background of the layout and adjustment,We can't completely deny the necessity of it."For many years engaged in education in rural areas of central China normal university professor FanXianZuo said,"But in practice,Some places is done,Take too much."

　　“在布局调整中，不加区别地搞撤点并校，使大量必须保留的教学点也被撤并，这是百害而无一利。”韩清林说。

"In the layout and adjustment,Without distinction to make withdraw some 并校,Make a lot of must keep school are merging,This is never going to benefit from."HanQingLin said.

　　高层决策者也注意到了这一点。2012年9月，国务院颁布《关于规范农村义务教育学校布局调整的意见》要求，已经撤并的学校或教学点，确有必要的，由当地人民政府进行规划、按程序予以恢复。

Top decision makers also noticed this.In September 2012,Issued by the state council[On regulating rural compulsory education school layout adjustment]requirements,Has been merging of the school or school,Have the necessary,The local people's government planned/According to the program shall be restored.

　　范先佐调查，现在江苏北部开始适当恢复村小的尝试，“但不是大规模的”。中国青年报记者也发现，众多省份尚无动作。

FanXianZuo survey,What is now northern jiangsu to appropriate recovery school attempt,"But it is not large".China youth daily reporter also found,Many provinces, there is no action.

　　如何恢复农村教学点，才是不走回头路？

How to restore the rural school,Is don't go back?

　　“恢复学校，不是低水平的机械恢复，不应按照原来极不合理的标准来配置教育资源。这样的话，农村小规模学校在硬件设施和师资等诸多方面，依然会处于劣势。”刘善槐说。

"Restore the school,Not low levels of mechanical recovery,Should not be in accordance with the original very reasonable standard to allocation of education resources.In that case,The rural small schools in hardware facilities and teachers, etc,Will be at a disadvantage."LiuShanHuai said.

　　在他看来，恢复的学校应当是“恢复之前没有进行过科学论证的、非理性地撤掉的”。

In his opinion,Recovery should be in school"Restoration of no scientific proof before/Irrational to remove".

　　他提出，依据因素有三：第一个是政府决策的过程中，没有考虑所有学生上学的距离。第二个是没有让当地有民主表决的权利。第三个因素是撤校触碰到了失学的底线。“比如说撤校后，到中心校存在特别艰险的路段，导致学生失学。”

He put forward,Based on three factors:The first is the process of government decision-making,Did not consider the distance of all the students go to school.The second is not let a local democracy voting rights.The third factor is the touch of withdrawal of the bottom line."After school, for example,To ZhongXinJiao are particularly dangerous sections,Lead to students' education."

　　范先佐认为，恢复已撤校点最重要的标准就是家长。

FanXianZuo think,Recovery has removed 校点 is the most important is the standard of parents.

　　他发现，有些地方教学点撤了之后，村民自发出钱，请代课教师，恢复村小。“这种情况说明，村民根本不满意这种布局调整，对这种教学点，就要适当地考虑恢复。”

He found that the,In some places after school,The villagers spontaneously pay,Please substitute teacher,Restore school."This kind of situation that,Villagers' not at all satisfied with the layout and adjustment,In this school,Will be appropriate to consider."

　　恢复学校，是否意味着“一朝回到十年前”？

Restore the school,Does that mean"Once back to ten years ago"?

　　刘善槐认为不是这样。“在给恢复的学校配置教师时，不应该仅以师生比作为依据，还应考虑班级数和年级数，使小规模教师数量能够满足正常的教学需要，教师的工作量也能够与城镇学校教师相当。”

LiuShanHuai don't think so."When to resume on the configuration of the school teachers,Should not only ShiShengBi as basis,Should also consider the class number and grade,Make small quantity can meet the normal teaching needs,Teachers' workload can and urban school teacher."

　　韩清林提出，应确立农村教学点的“最低规模标准”。

HanQingLin put forward,Should be established the school in the countryside"Minimum size standard".

　　“根据我国农村实际，农村教学点最低标准应以一个年级5个孩子为标准，办一二年级复式班10个孩子，加上学前3年15个孩子的幼儿混合班，共25个孩子、两名教师一个教学点。也可办一、二、三、四年级两个复式班。”

"According to China's rural reality,Rural minimum standards shall be made in a grade school five children for the standard,Do second grade double class ten children,With preschool children 15 children 3 years of hybrid class,Total of 25 children/Two teachers in a school.Also can do a/The second/three/In grade 4, class two double entry."

　　偏远的村小，如何解决“老师难留”的老问题？

Remote of the school,How to solve"The teacher is difficult to leave"The old problem?

　　韩清林提出了自己的看法。“从中央到省、市、县、乡各级政府，都需要制定保存、扶持农村教学点的特殊政策。扶持政策的方面包括：经费和设施设备的配置、教师配备、工资和福利待遇、教师培训与教学管理、交通与后勤保障等。”

HanQingLin puts forward his own opinions."From the central to the province/The city/county/Township government entities at all levels,All need to work out/Support the special policy of rural school.The support policy aspects including:Allocation of funds and facilities/The teacher is equipped with/Salary and welfare treatment/Teacher training and teaching management/Transportation and logistics, etc."

　　“边远地区教师津补贴需尽快实施，使相对优秀的教师能够下到边远的教学点和村小中去。”刘善槐说。

"Remote areas teachers allowance should be implemented as soon as possible,Make relatively good teachers can go next to the school and the school of remote."LiuShanHuai said.

　　韩清林认为，恢复村小迫在眉睫，且应统筹布局。“从2013年起，国家应该考虑用3年时间恢复、新建5万个教学点，每个教学点投入50万元。到2015年，应当争取全国小学教学点恢复到12万所。”

HanQingLin think,Restore school is imminent,And the overall layout."Since 2013,Countries should consider using three years time to recover/The new 50000 school,Each school in 500000 yuan.By the year 2015,Should strive for the national elementary school back to 120000."

　　刘善槐提醒，财政的扶持还需基层的制度设计。“村小的财务应该从中心校独立开。同时，公用经费的计算不应仅以学生数作为依据，还应考虑以一个学校为支出单位的费用。”

LiuShanHuai remind,Financial support should be at the grassroots level of system design."School of finance should be independent from ZhongXinJiao open.At the same time,The calculation of the public funds should not only to students as the basis,Also should be considered as a school for spending the cost of the unit."

　　在农村教学点，小科目教师紧缺是普遍现象。学者建议，应积极探索“走教”。

In the rural school,Small subject teacher shortage is a common phenomenon.Scholars have suggested that,We should actively explore"Go to teach".

　　范先佐调查，许多农村教学点在语文、数学等基本科目方面“并不比中心小学差”，较大的差距在音体美等科目，缺乏专职教师。“‘走教’就是中心小学的老师也负责几个教学点的音乐、美术。这既保障小规模学校各小科目能够开齐，也不至于浪费教师资源。”

FanXianZuo survey,Many rural school in Chinese/Basic subjects such as math"Is not worse than the center primary school",Bigger gap in subjects such as sound body beauty,The lack of professional teacher."‘Go to teach’Is center elementary school teachers are responsible for several school of music/The fine arts.It guarantee the small schools each small subject to open,Also not wasting resources of teachers."

乡村教育何处去：“要防止走向另一个极端” Rural education: where to go:"To prevent toward the other extreme"

　　“恢复村小的工作不能一哄而起。不能一说恢复，所有的村小都恢复，还是要实事求是。”范先佐说。

"Restoration of school work can't coax.Can't say back,All of the school,Still want to seek truth from facts."FanXianZuo said.

　　“不要从一个极端走向另一个极端，那就更可怕了。如果村小都恢复，到时候就会造成资源浪费。”

"Not from an extreme to another extreme,It is more terrible.If the school is restored,When the time comes will result in waste of resources."

　　据他调研，很多偏远的农村教学点都是年龄大的老师在维持。“这种情况难以长期为继，要事先跟家长沟通，表决是否恢复。”

According to his research,Many remote rural school are older teachers in maintaining."This situation is difficult to for a long time for the following,To communicate with their parents in advance,Vote on whether to restore."

　　上世纪60年代开始，美国农村工业化和城市化迅猛发展、城乡教育差距逐步扩大，也出现了“农村学校合并运动”。1970年，美国2/3的学生都在大型综合中学就读。

The 1960 s,The rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in rural areas/Urban and rural education gap is gradually expanding,Also appeared"Rural schools merge movement".In 1970,,Two-thirds of the students are in the United States a large comprehensive school.

　　20世纪60年代后期，美国教育界开始反思。一方面，绝大多数农村小学区和小学校已经被重组或合并，另一方面，人们日益认识到农村小学校和小学区“不可能被消除”，并从教育质量、社区交往等各方面重新审视小规模学校的优劣。

The late 1960 s,Education in the United States began to reflect on.On the one hand,The vast majority of rural primary school district and school have been restructured or merger,On the other hand,More and more people think that rural primary school and elementary school district"Cannot be eliminated",And the quality of education/Community interaction and so on various aspects to re-examine the small schools.

　　而上世纪90年代开始，美国竟又开始了一场“小规模学校”运动，开始拆分大规模农村学校，还原和保留小学校。2000年12月，美国政府开始了“农村教育成就项目”，扩大了小规模学校使用联邦拨款的自主权，并帮助农村学区更多地获得和使用联邦教育资金。根据美国教育部的数据，2008—2009学年，美国有960多万名学生在农村地区的公立学校就读，约占整个国家公立学校学生人数的20%。

And the 1990 s,The United States have started a again"Small schools"sports,Began to split large rural schools,School reduction and retention.In December 2000,The U.S. government began"Rural education achievement projects",Expand the autonomy of the small schools use of federal funding,And help the school to obtain and use more federal education funds.According to the United States department of education of the data,2008-2009 school year,The United States has more than 960 students in public schools in the rural areas,Accounts for about 20% of all public school students in the whole country.

　　范先佐认为，现在重要的是，政府教育部门和学校如何去适应城镇化对教育带来的需求。“恢复工作要考虑学龄人口的布局，在我们国家，大量人口向城镇聚集是趋势，农村人口的成分比也在下降。”

FanXianZuo think,The important thing is now,The government education departments and schools how to adapt to the demand of urbanization to the education."Recovery efforts to consider the layout of the school-age population,In our country,A large number of population is to assemble in towns,The composition of the rural population is also falling."

　　对于急剧膨胀的寄宿制学校，教育部相关负责人11月23日表示，近期将要求各地开展专题部署，“明确保障农村小学一至三年级学生原则上不寄宿，就近走读上学”，科学制定布局规划，加强督查和引导，让农村学生能就近接受良好义务教育。

For the rapid expansion of the boarding school,November 23, relevant person in charge of the ministry of education said,In the near future will require all over project deployment,"Clear security in rural areas is not a boarding primary school grade three student principle,To day to go to school",Scientific layout planning,Strengthen the supervision and guidance,Let the students can good to accept compulsory education in rural areas.

　　范先佐呼吁做好寄宿制的工作落实。“除了校舍等硬件条件，软件条件也很重要。孩子在学校的生活不能太单调，应该用丰富多彩的课外文化生活留住孩子。对于留守儿童较多的学校来说，安装亲情电话也是很必要的。让孩子每周与家长通话，对孩子的成长很重要。”

FanXianZuo appealed to do a good job of boarding."In addition to buildings and other hardware conditions,Software condition is also very important.Children in the school life cannot too drab,Keep children should use a variety of extra curricular culture life.The unattended children more school,Install family telephone also is very necessary.Let the children a week with parents,Is very important to the growth of children."

　　“北京的大学生曾经来我们这里支教，帮孩子们装饰宿舍。学校的孩子很喜欢，希望这样的支教多一点。”哈咇嘎乡中心小学马校长说。

"Beijing education of college students has come to us here,Help children to decorate the dormitory.The school children like it very much,Hope this a little more education."Ha 咇 ga ma township center elementary school principal said.

　　“恢复不仅仅是要把教学点的红旗立起来，而是通过恢复，重新树立当地老百姓对学校的信心。”刘善槐说。记者 庄庆鸿 实习生 刘丹

"Recovery is not only to the school set up red flag,But through the recovery,To establish the confidence of people in the local schools."LiuShanHuai said.Reporter ZhuangQingHong interns celebration