谈儒勇 夏云

Talk about Confucianism, yong XiaYun

　　传统商业银行倾向于为男性提供服务，其原因主要是男性往往经营着更大的生意，控制着可以用于作担保的资产。而微型金融机构则不同，它通常瞄准“微型企业”，为它们提供金融产品和服务。这些微型企业大多数属于非正式行业中自我雇用的个体经营者，值得注意的是女性在其中占了很大一部分比例。

The traditional commercial Banks tend to provide service for men,The main reason is the male often operates more business,Controls can be used as a guarantee of assets.And micro financial institutions is different,It is usually aimed at"Miniature enterprise",For they provide financial products and services.These miniature enterprise most belong to informal industry self-employment individual operators,It is important to note that women in the proportion is a big part of it.

　　孟加拉的乡村银行（Grameen Bank）以其主要为女性提供微型金融服务的独特模式而备受全球瞩目。始建于上世纪70年代的该微型金融机构，一开始并没有有意扶助女性，但到了上世纪80年代，在其所有客户中女性已经占到75%左右。到上世纪90年代，该比例更高达91%，客户总规模达到90万户。而到2006~2008年，女性借款人的比例已达97%的空前水平。而到2008年，孟加拉乡村银行的客户总规模已达800万户。

The grameen bank in Bangladesh(Grameen Bank)With its main for women with micro financial services unique mode and the global attention.Was built in the 1970 s the microfinance institutions,The beginning and did not intentionally help women,But in the 1980 s,In all its clients women have accounted for 75%.By the 1990 s,The higher proportion of 91%,The customer total scale a total of 900000 users.By 2006 ~ 2008,The proportion of female borrower has reached 97% of the unprecedented level.By 2008,Bangladesh rural bank customers total scale has reached 8 million households.

　　我们不禁要问，为什么在微型金融机构的贷款对象中女性几乎占据主导地位？微型金融机构倾向于向女性发放贷款的原因何在？

We can not help but ask,Why in the micro financial institution loans object women almost dominant?Microfinance institutions to women tend to lend why?

　　从表面看，一个原因是与男性借款人相比，女性借款人有着更好的还款记录；第二是当微型金融机构把同样数额的资金贷给不同性别的借款人时，女性借款人会把钱更多地用于家庭支出，更多地提升借款家庭的净福利，也会更多地刺激经济增长，促进整个社会的发展。如果仔细分析一下，会发现其中有着更深层次的原因。从微型金融机构的角度来看，向女性提供小额信贷可能更有优势、更具效率。具体分析如下：

From the surface to see,One reason is that the men and compared,Female borrower has better repayment record;The second is when the micro financial institutions to the same amount of money loans to different gender when the borrower,The women will take more money for household spending,More to improve loan family net benefits,Will also be more to stimulate economic growth,To promote the development of the whole society.If a careful analysis,Find that it has the deeper reason.From the point of view of microfinance institutions,To women with microfinance may have more advantages/More efficiency.A concrete analysis is as follows:

　　第一，与男性相比，女性受到信贷约束较多，获得资金来源较少。正是这种信贷约束，促使广大妇女宁愿接受小额、分期偿还、联保、每周例会和定期培训这些“繁文缛节”，也要选择小额信贷这种金融服务。同时，女性借款渠道单一、信贷约束严重的境况，降低了女性借款的道德风险（因为如果女性同男性一样拥有较多的选择，她们就会经常转移借款对象，躲避债务）。

The first,Compared to men,Women are more credit constraints,Receive money from less.It is this credit constraints,Make the women would rather accept small/installment/Joint guarantee/These weekly meetings and regular training"Red tape",Also want to choose microfinance this kind of financial services.At the same time,Women single channel borrowing/Credit constraints serious situation,Reduce the women of the moral risk of the loan(Because if a woman with men have more choice,They will often transfer loan object,Avoid debts).

　　第二，对女性的传统偏见，使得女性寻找工作特别困难，使她们缺乏充分进入劳动市场的机会。在这种情况下，迫于生计需要，女性将更加珍惜其“自我雇佣”的机会，将更有效地利用获得的贷款改变现状而不是去挥霍，同时她们也有更强的动力去偿还贷款。因此，微型金融能帮助女性实现自我雇佣。

The second,For women's traditional prejudice,Makes women looking for a job very difficult,That they lack of sufficient to the Labour market opportunities.In this case,Forced to support himself need,Women will cherish it"Self employment"opportunity,Will be more effectively use get loans to change the status quo and not to squander,At the same time they also have more power to repay the loan.so,Microfinance can help women realize self employment.

　　第三，通常情况下，女性比男性更穷。一方面源自上文提到的对女性的传统偏见，使其被雇用的可能性低；另一方面，缘于资本在男女之间的配置不平等，即女性能够获得的资本过少。从全球范围看，目前女性占贫困人口的70%。经济学观点认为，掌握资源越少的人其投资回报率越高。因此，从理论上讲，将更多资源赋予资源匮乏的女性会提高资源使用效率，同时也符合资源最优配置的原则。但要注意的是，这一论断成立的前提是女性自由支配资源的权利不能被男主人剥夺，否则高投资回报率无法得到保证。这就要求女性具备一定的经济独立性，然而在许多农村地区，女性的经济独立性有待提升。由此可见，重视女性客户的信贷需求，不仅与众多微型金融机构的减贫使命相一致，而且是提高资源使用效率、实现资源最优配置的内在要求。

The third,usually,Poor women more than men.On the one hand from the above mentioned to women's traditional prejudice,The low likelihood of employed;On the other hand,Because capital between men and women in the configuration of inequality,That women can get capital too little.From around the world to see,At present the poor women make up 70% of the population.Economics view,The less resources to the higher rate of return on investment.so,theoretically,More resources to resource scarcity of women will improve the efficiency of resource use,At the same time, also accord with the principle of optimum distribution of resources.But you have to be careful,This was a judge is the premise of women the right to free resources cannot be male host deprivation,Otherwise, the high rate of return on investment cannot be guaranteed.This requires that women have a certain economic independence,However, in many rural areas,Women's economic independence to ascend.Thus it can be seen,Pay attention to women customers' credit demand,Not only with numerous micro financial institutions consistent poverty,And is to improve the efficiency of resource use/To realize the resource optimal allocation of internal demand.

　　第四，通常情况下，女性比男性的流动性低，由于家庭负担，她们更倾向于在家里或是在家附近工作，很少外出。因此，金融机构能够花费较低的成本对这些客户实施监督。

The fourth,usually,Women than men low liquidity,Because the family burden,They tend to at home or work at home nearby,Seldom go out.so,Financial institutions can cost low cost supervision and these customers.

　　第五，女性通常是风险厌恶者。由于女性获得雇用的机会较少，流动性较差，更害怕社会惩罚，因此她们往往比男性更厌恶风险，在进行投资机会的选择时更谨慎。即女性存在自我筛选的内在机制，她们会主动剔除高风险项目，无形中降低微型金融机构的贷款风险。这为女性树立了一种可靠形象，使微型金融机构愿意且偏向于为女性提供贷款。

The fifth,Women are usually the risk averse.As women obtain employment opportunity less,Poor liquidity,The more afraid of social punishment,So they are often more than men risk aversion,In the investment opportunity of choice more cautious.Is there women self screening internal mechanism,They will actively eliminate high risk project,Virtually reduce the micro financial institution loans risk.The women set up a reliable image,Make micro financial institutions would like to and prefer to provide loans for women.

　　第六，女性在世界各地不仅是好顾客，也是好员工。微型金融机构通常喜欢雇佣女性担任信贷员或承担其他诸如记账、新产品和新服务宣传推广等方面的工作，有其经济原因。根据对阿尔巴尼亚的研究，由女性信贷员经手的贷款的违约率更低。此外，在低收入国家，女性的工资一般比男性低。

The sixth,Women in the world is not only a good customer,Is also good employees.Microfinance institutions usually like to employ women as a loan officer or bear other such as bookkeeping/New products and new service promotion, etc,Has its economic reasons.According to the study of Albania,The loan officer handling by the women of the loan default rate lower.In addition,In low-income countries,The salary of women than men generally low.

　　以上分析是基于国外微型金融发展过程中出现的现象而言，却也值得我国学习借鉴。中共十八大报告再次强调“三农”问题，力求“构建集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系”。在中国广大的农村地区，男子外出打工、老人妇女儿童留守家乡是一种普遍现象。显然，老人、儿童和病残人士都不是新农村建设的主力军，倘若充分挖掘妇女的劳动潜能，让微型金融机构给予她们更多的扶持，尽情发挥她们在资源配置上的天赋，那么女性将在我国微型金融事业的发展中大放异彩，并为新型农村经营体系和新型城镇化建设做出一定贡献。从这个角度讲，微型金融的顾客性别特点有其不容低估的内在价值。

The above analysis is based on foreign microfinance appear in the process of development for the phenomenon,But it is worth learning from our country.The eighteenth big report again"Agriculture, countryside and farmers"problems,Strive to"Construct intensive/professional/organization/The combination of the socialization of new agricultural management system".In China's vast rural areas,Man in a/The old man women and children staying home is a kind of common phenomenon.obviously,The old man/Children and disabled people are not the main force of the construction of new countryside,If fully mining potential of women's labor,Let the micro financial institutions to give them more support,Full play their talent in resource allocation,So women will in our country the development of microfinance in shine brilliantly,And for the new rural management system and the new urbanization construction to make certain contribution.From this point of view,Microfinance customers gender characteristics has its not underestimate's intrinsic value.

　　（作者单位：上海财经大学小企业融资研究中心）

(The author unit:Shanghai university of finance and economics research center of small business financing)