电子货币作为当代全新的货币形式，自20世纪70年代产生以来，其应用越来越广泛。但电子货币的无形性、匿名性、快速性和无地域性等特点也给洗钱犯罪提供了便利，使传统的反洗钱方式正在面临新的挑战。

Electronic currency as a contemporary new monetary form,Since the 1970 s has produced,Its application is more and more widely.But I've electronic currency/anonymity/The rapidity and no regional characteristics to the money laundering crime to provide the convenience,The traditional way of anti-money laundering are facing new challenges.

　电子货币对传统反洗钱方式的挑战 Electronic currency to the traditional way of anti-money laundering challenge

　　首先，电子货币发行人不限于金融机构，通讯公司、软件公司作为“非金融机构”发行者，没有反洗钱的义务和责任，这是当前的一个法律盲点。其次，在销售环节上，当洗钱者无需繁琐的手续就可以购入电子货币时，他们将不会选择金融机构，因此也不会留下任何痕迹。第三，对等划拨资金的模式，使洗钱者能够越过金融机构，通过互联网直接转移资金。此外，一些可以脱线转移资金的电子货币系统，甚至无需通过互联网也可以完成资金的划拨。上述情况的出现将使金融机构有可能不再是洗钱的主渠道。

First of all,Electronic currency issuers are not limited to financial institutions,Communication company/Software company as"Non-financial institutions"issuer,No anti-money laundering obligations and responsibilities,This is the current a legal blind spots.secondly,In the sales link,When the money laundering without tedious procedure can buy electronic currency,They will not choose financial institutions,So also won't leave any trace.The third,Peer transfer funds mode,Who can make money laundering over financial institutions,Through the Internet direct transfer funds.In addition,Some can take off line transfer funds electronic currency system,Don't even have to through the Internet can also complete the transfer funds.The emergence of the above situation will make financial institutions may no longer be the main channel of money laundering.

　　电子货币的使用将使金融机构很难鉴别客户身份。由于电子货币可以像现金一样使用，不需要签名，也不需要通过第三方中介，因此，互联网上客户留下的交易线索可能只是他所使用的计算机的IP地址，最后一个得到电子货币的人，即使需要向金融机构兑现电子货币，金融机构也无法准确获知这些资金的来源和此前的划拨情况。此外，电子货币所采用的保护隐私的加密技术，增加了交易的匿名性，给金融机构识别交易的真实受益人制造了很大障碍。研究显示，要破译1024比特的密钥，需要1亿台计算机工作28万年。因此，如果有关信息被加密，执法机关即使有怀疑，也将很难确认该信息的来源和目的地。

The use of electronic money will make financial institutions it is difficult to identify client identity.Due to the electronic currency can be use as cash,Don't need to sign,Also do not need through the third party intermediary,so,The Internet customer leave trading clues may be just what he used the computer's IP address,The last one who get electronic currency,Even if need to financial institutions to cash electronic currency,Financial institutions has never been learn these funds source and previous transfer situation.In addition,Electronic currency the privacy protection of encryption technology,Increased trade anonymous,Financial institutions to identify trading real beneficiary made great obstacles.Research shows that,To decipher 1024 bit keys,Need 100 million computer work in 280000.so,If the information is encrypted,Law enforcement agencies even if there is doubt,Will it is difficult to confirm the information of the source and destination.

　　电子货币的使用将引发管辖权上的法律冲突。由于涉及隐私权的保护，不同国家在对电子货币的监管上存在差异，这使得洗钱者能够更容易地隐藏交易资金的真实属性。同时，互联网上的电子货币划拨很难确定发生的地点，在调查这类案件时，执法者首先就会面临管辖权的冲突。此外，执法者还要取得有关国家执法部门的积极配合才能完成对犯罪嫌疑人的调查和起诉。这些都对国际刑事司法合作提出了更高的要求。

The use of electronic money will cause the jurisdiction of conflict of laws.Because it involves the protection of privacy,Different countries in the electronic currency regulatory differences,This makes the money laundering can more easily hidden trading funds real property.At the same time,Internet electronic money transfer is difficult to determine the location of the happen,In the investigation of this kind of case,Law enforcers first will face jurisdiction conflicts.In addition,Law enforcers and obtain relevant national law enforcement departments actively cooperate with to finish to the criminal suspect's investigation and prosecution.All of the international criminal judicial cooperation put forward higher request.

　电子货币反洗钱对策 Electronic currency anti-money laundering countermeasures

　　控制电子货币发行权。现代国家的货币制度一般都规定货币由本国中央银行垄断发行。电子货币一方面具有现代货币的主要特征和基本功能，另一方面又可以脱离金融系统由个人或商家发行，并实现跨国界流通，这必将严重侵害一国的货币发行主权和制定货币政策的完整性。因此，控制电子货币的发行权势在必行，即使不能将电子货币的发行权全部收归中央银行，也应实行通过中央银行授权发行和有效的监管制度。同时，对于电子货币的销售，应将其限制在金融体系内，并且与相关银行账户联系起来，这样就可以对其资金的流动进行有效监管。

Control electronic currency issue.The monetary system of modern countries generally provisions by its currency, the central bank issued monopoly.Electronic currency on the one hand has the main characteristics of modern currency and basic functions,On the other hand, can from the financial system by individual or business issue,And realize the circulation across national borders,This will bring serious violations of a country's currency issue sovereignty and integrity of the monetary policy.so,Control electronic currency, it is imperative to begin,Even if will not electronic currency issue all the nationalization of the central bank,Also should be carried out through the central bank authorized issue and effective supervision system.At the same time,For the sale of electronic money,It should be limited within the financial system,With relevant bank account and link,So can the capital flow carries on the effective supervision.

　　扩大反洗钱责任人的覆盖面。反洗钱是一项综合性的工作，它需要社会各界的广泛配合，除了银行类金融机构外，承担反洗钱义务的责任人还应该包括非银行的电子货币发行人和互联网服务提供商。因为电子货币必须借助互联网才能完成资金的传递过程，只要洗钱者链接在网上，互联网服务提供商就可以追踪到客户，并记录下客户使用的IP地址、链接时间等相关信息，这与传统上洗钱者在银行和非银行金融机构的注册信息是类似的。因此，打击电子货币洗钱犯罪就有必要将互联网服务提供商列入反洗钱责任人的范畴。

Expand the coverage of the anti-money laundering.Anti-money laundering is a comprehensive work,It needs to be widely cooperate with all circles of the society,In addition to bank kind the financial institutions,Take the anti-money laundering obligations should also include other electronic currency issue and Internet service provider.Because electronic currency must resort to the Internet to complete money transfer process,As long as the money laundering links on the web,Internet service providers can be traced to the customer,And record the customers to use IP address/Link time and other related information,This is different from traditional on the money laundering in Banks and non-bank financial institutions registered information is similar.so,Blow electronic money laundering crime it is necessary to Internet service provider will be listed in the category of the anti-money laundering.

　　建立电子支付交易自动报告系统。为了防止犯罪分子利用电子支付交易系统和有关的电子支付工具进行洗钱，有必要建立和完善电子支付交易自动报告系统。利用计算机系统，设定相应的大额和可疑交易识别指标，运用高度自动化的电子交易自动报告系统，甄别电子支付工具交易中的各类人民币和外币的大额和可疑支付交易，并能与反洗钱行政主管部门实行联网，以利于及时监测和甄别洗钱犯罪。

Set up electronic payment transactions to be automatic report system.In order to prevent criminals use electronic payment transaction system and the relevant electronic payment tool for money laundering,It is necessary to establish and perfect the electronic payment transactions to be automatic report system.Using a computer system,Set the corresponding large and suspicious transaction identification index,Using highly automated electronic trading automatic report system,Screening electronic payment tool trade in all kinds of RMB and foreign currency payment transactions large-sum and suspicious,And with the aml administrative department to networking,For timely monitoring and screening money laundering crime.

　　建立私人密钥托管制度。在电子支付交易中，由于存在加密技术的应用，所以没有私人密钥无法进行有关电子支付信息的调查，也不可能对利用电子支付工具进行洗钱犯罪活动实施监控。可以考虑在国家法律制度提供安全保障的条件下，建立由政府部门主导管理的私人密钥托管制度。这样，可以使反洗钱主管部门及司法部门能够根据反洗钱监管及洗钱犯罪侦察的需要，从政府托管机构使用私人密钥，解密相关电子支付交易信息。

Build private key trusteeship.In the electronic payment transactions,In the presence of encryption technology application,So there is no private key can't on electronic payment information investigation,It is impossible to use electronic payment tool for money laundering crime implementation monitoring.In the national legal system can be considered to provide security conditions,Set up by the government leading management of the private key trusteeship.this,Can make the anti-money laundering departments and judicial departments according to anti-money laundering supervision and money laundering crime reconnaissance needs,From the government trust agencies use private key,Decryption related electronic payment transaction information.

　　推广和加强数字证书或电子签名。加强对用户的身份认证，提高网上支付的真实性，减少虚假交易，同时对安全度不高的交易应该采取限制网上交易金额和次数的方法，限制此类交易的网络资金转移数量。

Promote and strengthen the digital certificate or the electronic signature.To improve user identity authentication,To improve the authenticity of the online payment,Reduce false trading,At the same time on the safety degree is not high trading should take limit online trading amount and number of methods,Limit such trading network money transfer number.

　　加强打击电子货币洗钱的国际合作。各国除了运用本国法律对洗钱犯罪进行预防和控制外，还应该通过多边和双边的公约和条约来加强反洗钱领域的国际合作。具体应包括反洗钱国际情报交流与共享，证据收集与诉讼的刑事司法协作等，而核心的一点是利用国际法在效力等级上优先于国内法的原则，限制有关国家保密法律的适用范围，即通过合理规范客户隐私权的界限，使执法机构能够通过金融机构及其他与洗钱活动相关领域的交易记录，作为调查的线索和起诉的证据。

Strengthen the blow electronic money laundering international cooperation.Countries in addition to use domestic laws on money laundering crime on the prevention and control,Should also be through the multilateral and bilateral convention and treaties to strengthen international cooperation in the field of anti-money laundering.Concrete should include the anti-money laundering international information exchange and sharing,Evidence collection and action of criminal judicial cooperation, etc,And the core point is the use of international law in effect level priority in the principle of law,Limit the scope of national security law,That is, through the reasonable standard customer privacy boundaries,Make law enforcement agencies can through the financial institutions and other and money laundering activities related transaction records,As a survey of clues and evidence of prosecution.