我国是传统的儿童服装出口大国，由于儿童不具备或不完全具备自我保护能力，国际上对儿童服装质量安全历来要求很严格，再加上发达国家的贸易保护，市场准入条件不断提高。据欧盟委员会非食品类快速预警系统(RAPEX)通报数据统计显示，儿童服装是召回产品重灾区，2011年我国出口欧盟童装遭RAPEX召回通报共162起，其中156起为机械安全性风险通报，6起为化学危险通报。因此，笔者根据多年的工作经验认为，只有加强儿童服装检验监管，消除质量安全风险，才能提升国际市场竞争力。

Our country is the traditional children clothing export power，Because children do not have or does not include all the self-protection ability，The international children's clothing quality security has always is very strict，Plus the developed countries of the trade protection，Market access conditions improve。According to the European commission non-food rapid alert system(RAPEX)Report data statistics show，Children's clothing is recall the worst-hit areas，In 2011, the European Union by children's clothing export RAPEX recalled about 162 up，156 of them up for mechanical safety risk bulletin，6 up for chemical danger bulletin。so，Based on many years of work experience think，Only to strengthen children clothing inspection regulation，Eliminate the quality safety risk，To improve the international competitiveness。

　　一、出口童装面临的国际贸易技术壁垒

a、Facing the international trade export children's clothing technical barriers

　　目前，出口童装面临的质量安全方面的国际贸易技术壁垒主要有四大类。

At present，Facing the quality and safety of children's clothing exports of technical barriers to international trade there are four main categories。

　　1.服装机械物理安全技术法规。如欧盟发布的2001/95/EC《通用产品安全指令》，其中儿童服装绳索及束带安全技术标准EN14682-2007对14岁以下儿童服装各部位的绳带均有严格的要求

1. Clothing machinery of physical security technical regulations。Such as the European Union issued 2001/95 / EC《General product safety instructions》，Children's clothing of rope and band security technology standard EN14682-2007 children under the age of 14 clothing of each place rope are strict requirements

　　2.服装化学安全技术法规。欧盟指令2002/61/EC及2003/03/EC则禁止使用22种经还原可分解出致癌芳香胺的染料(禁用偶氮染料)和“蓝色染料”;欧盟指令2004/96/EC规定与人体皮肤长期直接的金属制品，镍的释放量每周要低于0.5μg/cm2。

2. Chemical safety clothing technical regulations。The European Union directive 2002/61 / EC and 2003/03 / EC bans the use and 22 of reduction can be divided by the carcinogenic aromatic amine dyestuffs(Disable azo dyes)and“Blue dye”;The European Union directive 2004/96 / EC regulation and human skin long-term direct metal products，Nickel is released a week below 0.5 u g/cm2。

　　3.公共安全技术法规。为了减少因纺织品易燃引起的火灾事故，许多国家以法律形式规定服装必须具有阻燃功能，而且须在产品上标明，如美国发布的儿童睡衣燃烧性法规。

3. Public safety technical regulations。In order to reduce for textile flammable cause fire accident，Many countries to forms of law provisions must have the function of flame retardant clothing，And shall be indicated on the product，If the U.S. release children's pyjamas burning sex regulations。

　　4.服装生物安全技术法规。如欧盟羽毛羽绒卫生和清洁要求EN12935-2001规定耗氧指数必须小于20，沙门氏菌20g中不得检出等。

4. Clothing biological safety technical regulations。Such as the European Union feather and down health and cleaning requirements EN12935-2001 regulations must be less than 20 oxygen index，Salmonella in 20 g shall not be detected。

　　二、出口童装存在的主要质量安全隐患

two、Children's clothing exports are the main quality safe hidden trouble

　　1.设计存在安全隐患。童装设计影响到使用安全主要表现在两个方面：一是绳带设计不合理。头、颈部的绳带可能因无意识的缠绕或意外的勾挂，对儿童特别是婴幼儿产生勒杀窒息危险;胸部、腰部及其他部位过长的绳带在儿童玩耍过程中可能导致拖曳伤亡事故。

1. The design unsafe。Children's clothing design affect use safety is mainly shown in two aspects：A rope is design is not reasonable。head、Neck rope may be the intertwining of unconscious or accidental GouGua，For children, especially babies and infants produce suffocation risk of death;chest、The waist and other parts of a long rope in children's play process could lead to drag casualties。

　　2.童装面辅料的化学安全指标检测不合格。一是面辅料中含有禁用偶氮染料。二是PH值不符合标准要求。三是甲醛含量超过规定要求，如婴幼儿服装甲醛含量超过20mg/kg。四是重金属镍、铅、镉含量超标。五是邻苯二甲酸酯(增塑剂)含量超标。六是染色牢度不合格。

2. Children's clothing textiles face the safety index of chemical detect unqualified。A textiles face is contained banned azo dyes。2 it is ph value does not accord with a standard to ask。Three is formaldehyde content more than requirements，Such as baby clothing formaldehyde content more than 20 mg/kg。4 it is heavy metal nickel、lead、Cadmium content exceeds mark。Five is phthalic acid ester(plasticizer)Content exceeds mark。Six is color fastness not qualified。

　　3.制造缺陷。一是缝制不牢固、粘合牢度差。各种钮扣、铆钉、闪光装饰片及其他装饰件的缝制牢度未达到规定的拉力要求，局部印花及烫钻产品粘合牢度差，等等，都易导致小部件脱落，存在被儿童吞咽或其他安全隐患。2011年3月，CPSC通报一批中国产的1600条女童牛仔裤因裤子口袋上镶嵌的人造钻石和小金属片易脱落，造成窒息危险被召回;二是断针残留。断、残针在童装中的残留将对儿童稚嫩的皮肤造成伤害。日本PL法要求输日的服装不论是成人还是儿童服装均不得存在断、残针。

3. Manufacturing defects。One is not strong sewing、Bonding fastness sent。Various buttons、rivets、Flash adornment of films and other decoration sewing fastness is not up to the requirements provisions tension，Local printing and ironed ablazely product bonding fastness is poor，, etc，Are easy to fall off small parts，There were children swallowing or other security hidden danger。March 2011，CPSC bulletin of a batch of China in article 1600 girls for your pants on jeans Mosaic of artificial diamond and very small pieces of metal that easy to fall off，Cause choking danger was recalled;2 it is the broken needle residue。broken、The needle in the children's clothing the residue of young children will be skin damage。Japan PL law requires lose the clothing, whether an adult or a child clothing are broken may not have any、Residual needle。

　　4.阻燃性能不达标。2011年，我国有5批儿童睡衣因阻燃性能不合格被美国CPSC通报召回。面料燃烧速度过快或燃烧后产生熔融易导致儿童烧伤、烫伤，甚至危及生命。加拿大根据不同的年龄段，制定了专门的《危险产品(儿童睡衣)条例》(SOR/87-443)。美国也有儿童睡衣燃烧法规16CFRPart1615,16CFRPart1616。

4. Don't flame retardant performance standards。2011 years，Our country has 5 batch of children's pyjamas for flame retardant performance not eligible to be the United States reported CPSC recall。Fabric burning too fast or easy to produce after combustion melt children burned、burns，Even life-threatening。Canada, according to the different age，Make a special《Dangerous products(Children's pyjamas)regulations》(SOR / 87-443)。The United States also have a children's pyjamas burning regulations CFRPart1615 16,16 CFRPart1616。

　　三、出口童装存在质量安全风险的原因

three、Children's clothing export quality safety risk exists the reason

　　笔者在工作中发现，出口童装屡遭通报和召回主要是产品存在一定的质量安全风险，原因有三个。

The author found in the work，Children's clothes were repeatedly reported export and recall is mainly there are certain products quality safety risk，Reason has three。

　　1.缺乏对童装产品设计进行风险评估的能力。目前我国出口童装贸易仍以贴牌加工为主，童装生产企业完全按品牌持有人的设计要求生产，由于信息沟通不畅或信息不同步使部分企业不能及时了解国外最新技术法规，无法对设计的符合性作出判断;其次对法规的重要性认识不足，一味迎合客户要求，导致童装设计、小部件的使用等不符合进口国有关技术要求。

1. The lack of children's clothing product design for the assessment of risk ability。At present our country exit children's clothing trade still with tiepai processing primarily，Children's clothing production enterprise completely according to the design requirements of brand holder production，Because information communication or not synchronous information so that some of the enterprise is unable to understand foreign latest technical regulations，Not to design of compliance to judge;Next to not realize the importance of laws and regulations，Blindly to cater to the customer's requirements，Lead to children's clothing design、The use of small parts such as importing countries do not accord with the technical requirements。

　　2.缺乏对原辅材料安全质量的有效控制。随着行业的无序竞争，一方面劳动力等生产成本上涨，一些小企业为了降低成本购买质次价廉的原辅材料;另一方面，部分童装企业来料加工时，由客户提供原辅材料。童装原料中有毒有害物质主要来源于原料生产、纱线织造、染整、后处理以及服装等一系列的加工过程，若加工过程稍有疏忽，就会存在含有禁用芳香胺、pH值偏高或偏低、甲醛含量超标等潜在的化学风险;辅料(如钮扣、拉链)也存在重金属超标的风险。

2. The lack of raw and auxiliary materials safety quality control。With the industry competition，On the one hand labor and other production costs，A few small enterprise in order to reduce the cost of buying a cheap raw materials;On the other hand，Part of the children's clothing enterprise processing，By the customer provides raw material。Children's clothing materials of poisonous and harmful substances mainly come from raw material to produce、Weaving yarn、dyeing、After processing and clothing, and a series of processing process，If a slight negligence process，You have contains forbidden aromatic amine、ph value high or low、Formaldehyde content such as the chemical potential exceeds bid risk;accessories(Such as buttons、zipper)There are also heavy metal exceeds the risk。

　　3.缺乏对生产过程关键点质量的自检自控。目前我国服装业呈现“大产业、小企业”的格局，一方面由于服装行业门槛较低，尤其是针织服装企业，大多基础薄弱，缺乏必要的检测设备和管理手段;其次为进一步降低劳动成本，部分企业充当“二传手”，缝制加工外发，只做成品检验包装，由于服装厂的安全质量关键控制点是缝制、粘合和检针等关键工序，因此无法对质量安全进行有效监控。

3. Lack of production process quality control key points of self-inspection。At present our country present garment industry“Big industry、Small businesses”pattern，On the one hand because of low threshold garment industry，Especially knitting clothing enterprise，Mostly foundation is weak，The lack of necessary testing equipment and management means;Followed by further reduce labor costs，Part of the enterprise as“setter”，Sewing processing evaluate，Only do finished goods inspection package，Because of the safety and quality of key point clothing factory is sewing、Gluing and needle detector, and other key working procedure，So can't effectively to quality and safety monitoring。

　　四、消除出口童装质量安全风险的措施

four、Eliminate export quality safety risk measures children's clothes

　　为保证出口童装质量安全，笔者认为，检验检疫部门应该前移监管端口，将童装从常规的尺寸、缝制等外观项目的检验转向童装产品生产的关键点和安全、卫生质量的检验监管，同时帮助企业建立相应的质量安全保障体系，真正为出口童装企业保驾护航。

To ensure the quality and safety of children's clothing exports，The author thinks that，Department of inspection and quarantine supervision should be moved forward port，Children's clothes from the size of the conventional will、The appearance of such as sewing project inspection to children's clothing products production and key to safety、The quality of health inspection regulation，At the same time help enterprises to establish the corresponding quality security system，True children's clothes for export enterprise to escort。

　　1.加强对童装产品设计的监管。一是做好“宣传员”。通过培训、检企交流互动平台等多种形式让企业了解国外强制性标准、法规、指令等政策，提高对客户设计方案的辨识能力。二是做好“指导员”。对童装中绳索与束带设计、拉链钮扣小部件使用等是否符合进口国相关产品的技术法规要求进行指导，提高童装设计安全性，避免因设计失误导致贸易风险。

1. To strengthen the supervision of the children's clothing product design。One is to do a good job“lunches”。Through the training、Communication interactive platform for enterprises of a variety of forms such as let enterprise understand foreign mandatory standards、regulations、Instructions and other policies，Improve the design scheme of the customer recognition。Two is to do a good job“instructor”。In the children's clothes to rope and band design、Zipper small parts such as button use whether to conform to the importer related technical regulations for guidance，Improve the children's clothing design safety，Avoid the design mistakes trade risk。

　　2.加强源头监管。一是要求企业建立高风险原辅材料台账，选用安全环保的原辅材料，内容包括权威检测机构出具的化学安全项目如禁用偶氮染料、PH、甲醛含量及附件涂层重金属含量等检测报告和符合性声明，使用核销等。二是对企业高风险原辅材料台账进行监督核查，并对检测结果实施抽查验证，从源头杜绝安全隐患。

2. Strengthen supervision。A is requests the enterprise establish high risk raw material parameter，Choose safe environmental protection of raw material，Content including authority detects the chemical safety project issued by institutions such as disabled azo dye、ph、Formaldehyde content and accessories such as heavy metal content coating test report and declaration of conformity，Use the cancel after verification, etc。2 it is high risk of the enterprise raw and auxiliary materials for supervision and verification ledger，And the detection results verified implementation of selective examination，Eliminate hidden security trouble from the source。

　　3.加强对童装生产关键过程的安全监管。一是要求企业建立首件样管理制度，确保首件样生产时工艺参数的正确选择。二是要求企业建立生产全过程检验制度，对高风险安全项目必须配备必要的检测设备，如钮扣拉力器、检针机等，童装的缝制牢度、粘合牢度等安全项目质量应定时监控，确保达到进口国技术法规要求。三是要求企业建立危险物登记发放制度，防范生产过程中危险物的残留。

3. To strengthen the security of the key process children's clothing production supervision。A is requests the enterprise established first sample management system，Ensure that first sample production process parameters of the right choice。2 it is to ask enterprise established the whole production process and inspection system，To high-risk safety project must be equipped with the necessary testing equipment，Such as button pulling force implement、Needle detector machine etc，The children's clothes sewn fastness、Bonding fastness and other security project quality regularly monitoring，Ensure importers technical regulations。Three is requests the enterprise establish dangerous things issue registration system，Prevent production process of dangerous substances remains。

　　4.加强对企业实验室的监督管理。检测是提高童装质量安全的有效手段之一，有条件的企业可建立自己的检测实验室。检验检疫部门通过培训、组织企业实验室开展比对测试等活动，帮助企业检测人员提高检测水平。

4. To strengthen the supervision and administration of enterprise laboratory。Testing is to improve the quality and safety of children's wear one of the effective methods，Conditional enterprise can set up their own testing laboratory。The inspection and quarantine department through the training、Laboratory tests on enterprise organization than activity etc，Help enterprises to improve testing personnel test level。

　　5.加强童装企业分类管理工作。按照“风险分析、规范评定、动态调整、优宽劣严”的原则，提高检验监管的有效性。对生产管理落后的企业和产品风险大的产品实施重点监管，防止出口童装存在质量安全隐患而被通报或召回。

5. Strengthen children's clothing enterprise classification management work。According to“Risk analysis、Standard evaluation、Dynamic adjustment、Optimal wide bad strict”principle，Improve the inspection the effectiveness of regulation。For production management of the enterprise and products behind the risk of big emphasis on the supervision on the product implementation，To prevent the children's clothing export quality safe hidden trouble there was report or recalled。