最近一周来，美国频频采取针对中国出口产品的贸易救济行动。美方在行政和法律层面也有强化贸易制裁的趋势。这些都表明美对华贸易保护主义明显升温。在大选之年，美方再次挑起两国经贸事端，其影响和后果值得高度关注。

Last week,The United States frequently take against Chinese export products trade relief action.The United States in the administrative and legal aspect also has the trend of strengthening trade sanctions.All these show that beautiful China trade protectionism obvious warming.In the election year,The United States once again make the bilateral economic and trade disturbance,Its influence and consequence is worth attention.

　　贸易救济措施接踵而至

Trade relief measures follow

　　美国商务部20日做出两项终裁，认定中国大陆和中国台湾地区输美化学增白剂存在倾销行为，认定中国输美镀锌钢丝存在倾销和补贴行为。美商务部同时还初裁认定中国输美晶体硅光伏电池及组件接受程度不等的补贴，并定于5月17日公布对此类产品反倾销调查的初裁结果。

The us department of commerce 20 make two final,That mainland China and Chinese Taiwan area lost beauty chemical brightener exist dumping behavior,That China lost beauty galvanized steel wire exist dumping and subsidies behavior.Beauty the ministry of commerce also the margin that China lose beautiful crystal silicon photovoltaic battery and element accept degree differs subsidies,And is scheduled for May 17 to this kind of product announced at the beginning of the anti-dumping investigation of cutting results.

　　尽管按照美方程序，贸易救济案还需美国另一大贸易管理机构国际贸易委员会作出裁决，但后者通常会跟随商务部作出肯定性裁决。这意味着美国未来对这些产品征收反倾销或反补贴关税已基本尘埃落定，只是时间早晚的问题。

Although according to the program,Trade relief case still need the United States another big trade management institution, the international trade commission to make a decision,But the latter usually follow the ministry of commerce to make positive verdict.This means that the future for these products anti-dumping or countervailing duties has basically the dust settled,Is only a matter of time before.

　　同天，美国国际贸易委员会还通过日落复审裁定，认定从中国市场进口的金属硅将在可预见的时间内给美国相关产业造成持续的损害，由此美国将继续对此类产品征收反倾销税。

With day,United States international trade commission also through the sunset review decision,From the Chinese market that imports of silicon metal will be in the foreseeable time to the related industry has caused continuing damage,Thus the United States will continue to anti-dumping duties of such products.

　　就在一天前，美国商务部刚刚终裁认定中国输美钢制车轮存在倾销和补贴行为。一周前，美国还联合欧盟和日本就中国稀土等原材料出口限制措施诉诸世界贸易组织（WTO）争端解决机制。

A day after,The us department of commerce has just lost the final that China beauty steel wheel exists dumping and subsidies behavior.A week ago,The United States also combined the European Union and Japan is China the raw material such as rare earth export restrictions appeal to the world trade organization(WTO)Dispute settlement mechanism.

　　从13日到20日，仅仅一周时间，美国针对中国出口产品的贸易救济行动多达6起，频率很高。除对外实施贸易救济行动，美国近期还从内部采取行政和立法措施，强化其实施贸易保护主义的能力，包括设立跨部门贸易执法中心、快速出台《1930年关税法》修订案等。

From 13 to 20 days,Only a week,The United States against Chinese export products trade relief action as many as 6 major,Frequency is very high.In addition to implementation of the foreign trade relief action,The United States recently also from the inside to take administrative and legislative measures,Strengthen its ability to implement trade protectionism,Including the establishment of inter-departmental trade law enforcement center/Fast on[1930 the end of the year tax law]Amendment, etc.

　　尽管很多裁决是基于早已开始的“双反”调查，但是美国有意无意地多次推迟作出中国相关产品的裁决，造成20日一天内作出四项肯定性裁决。有分析人士指出，从某种意义上讲，这既是奥巴马作秀给国内选民看，也是给中国施加压力，旨在率先制造强硬氛围，以使美国在随后的谈判中获取更有利地位。

Although many award is based on the had already started"Double reverse"survey,But the United States has had delays intentionally or unintentionally to Chinese related product award,Cause 20 in a day to make four affirmative decision.Analytic personage points out,In a sense,This is Obama show to domestic voters see,Is to exert pressure on China,Aims to take the lead in manufacturing strong atmosphere,In order to make the United States in subsequent talks for more advantageous position.

　　贸易保护手段呈新特征

Trade protection means a new features

　　美国的一系列动作，凸显其国内对华贸易保护主义情绪明显升温，而且呈现出一些新特征和趋势。

The United States a series of action,China highlights its domestic protectionist sentiment in obvious warming,And present some new characteristics and trends.

　　第一，美国“防守”与“进攻”并举。在“防守”方面，设立跨部门贸易执法中心将强化对国内贸易法律的执行，调查中国产品对美出口是否存在不公正的竞争优势，是否对美国相关产业造成伤害等。同时，通过对中国产品接连发起“双反”调查，阻止有竞争力的中国产品进入美国市场。

The first,The United States"defense"and"attack"and.in"defense"aspects,Set up inter-departmental trade law enforcement center will strengthen domestic trade law execution,Survey Chinese products exports to the United States whether there are unfair competitive advantage,Whether the United States related industry to damage, etc.At the same time,Through to the Chinese products were launched"Double reverse"survey,Stop competitive Chinese products to enter the American market.

　　在“进攻”方面，美国贸易代表罗恩·柯克近期多次表示，美国政府今后将帮助美国企业和产品打开他国市场，特别是美国具有竞争优势的农产品、机械产品和服务产品市场。而新成立的跨部门贸易执法中心的一项工作就是监视竞争对手在汇率政策、市场准入和知识产权保护等方面的情况，提高美国在推行市场开放方面的能力，为美国企业创造竞争和扩张机会。

in"attack"aspects,The United States trade representative RON kirk said recent times,The United States government will help the U.S. enterprise and product open foreign market,Especially the United States of America has the competitive advantage of agricultural products/Mechanical products and service products market.And the newly formed inter-departmental trade law enforcement center a work is monitoring competitors in the exchange rate policy/Market access and intellectual property rights protection, etc,Increase the United States in the implementation of the open market ability,For the enterprise to create competition and expansion opportunities.

　　第二，除常见的“双反”调查，美国今年还频频动用隐蔽性更强的“337调查”手段，以保护专利为名打压中国产品。仅2月下旬以来，就有15家中国公司涉案，产品包括激光打印墨盒、照相手机、平板电脑、可调节能荧光灯等。据统计，2011年美国对中国企业发起的“337调查”多达16起。

The second,In addition to the common"Double reverse"survey,The United States this year also frequently use concealment stronger"337 survey"means,In order to protect patent as suppressing Chinese products.Only since late February,Have 15 Chinese companies involved,Products include laser printing ink cartridge/cyber-shot/Tablet PC/Adjustable can fluorescent lamp, etc.According to the statistics,In 2011 the United States to China by the enterprise"337 survey"As many as 16 up.

　　由于“337调查”不仅监督国际贸易，也管控美国国内的州际贸易，因此该调查表面上并不针对某个国家或地区，而作为一种事实上的技术壁垒，这种调查具有更强的隐蔽性。“337调查”的处罚比“双反”调查更为严厉，最坏的结果将是彻底丧失进入美国市场的资格。

because"337 survey"Not only supervision and international trade,Also control the United States interstate commerce,So the questionnaire face is not for a country or region,And as a DE facto technical barriers,The survey has a strong concealment."337 survey"Punishment than"Double reverse"Survey more severe,The worst result will be completely lose access to the U.S. market qualification.

　　第三，除自身发起的“双反”和“337调查”等单边贸易制裁行动，美国还联合其他发达国家利用世贸组织等多边平台对中国稀土等原材料出口管制施压，试图打着“尊重国际规则和程序”的旗号行贸易救济之实。

The third,In addition to their own launched"Double reverse"and"337 survey"And unilateral trade sanctions,The United States also with other developed countries use the wto multilateral platform on the raw material such as China rare earth pressure on export control,Tried to under the"Respect the international rules and procedures"The banner of reality of the line trade relief.

　　互利共赢才是贸易之根本

Win-win is the basis of the trade

　　华盛顿著名智库卡内基国际和平基金会高级研究员、世界银行驻中国前首席代表黄育川在接受新华社记者专访时说，现在有一种趋势正在形成，即发达国家的贸易保护措施越来越多，对贸易开放的热衷度在下降。

Famous Washington think-tank Carnegie endowment for international peace senior researcher/The world bank's former chief representative in China HuangYuChuan accept xinhua news agency reporter interview said,Now there is a trend is formed,That is the developed countries more and more trade protection measures,Open to trade follow on the decline.

　　从动机来看，美国对华贸易救济行动增多背后，除显而易见的经济因素外，更有大选年的政治利益考量。除总统大选外，美国国会众议员和三分之一的参议员今年也面临换届，因此从白宫到国会均在竭力打造公众利益捍卫者的形象。而在美国部分政界人士眼中，以创造就业为由祭起贸易保护主义大旗是争取选民的最有效手段。

Motivation comes from,The United States to China trade relief action behind increased,In addition to the obvious economic factors,More election year political interests consideration.In addition to the presidential election,The United States house of representatives and one-third of the senate this year also faced with change,So from the White House to congress are trying to make the public interest defenders image.But in some parts of the United States in the eyes of politicians,In order to create employment by offering up a trade protectionism is the most effective means for voters.

　　黄育川说，可以预见中美贸易摩擦在大选年将更加频繁。柯克日前在国会听证会上更直言不讳地说，今年奥巴马政府将对中国等贸易伙伴发起更多贸易救济调查，并将通过中美战略与经济对话、中美商贸联委会等平台敦促中国开放市场。

HuangYuChuan said,Can foresee the sino-american trade friction in the election year will be even more frequent.Kirk has a congressional hearing more call a spade a spade to say,This year the government will barack Obama to China trade partners launched more trade remedy investigation,And through the china-us strategic and economic dialogue/The sino-us joint commission on commerce and platform is urging China to open up markets.

　　不过，也有专家认为，尽管美国政治人物言辞强硬，但美国也深知其经济离不开中国市场，因此强硬表态未必会全部转化为实际政策，中美之间爆发大规模贸易战的可能性不大。

but,Experts think,Even though the us politicians tough words,But the United States also know that its economy cannot leave the Chinese market,So tough comment will not necessarily all transformed into concrete policies,Large-scale trade war between China and the United States broke out the possibility is not big.

　　美国传统基金会资深研究员史剑道指出，美国成立新贸易执法机构、修订关税法等行动更多是出于大选政治需要，不会实质性伤害中美关系。彼得森国际经济研究所资深研究员罗迪也表示，美国针对中国的贸易制裁措施不太可能激增。

The traditional American senior research fellow at the foundation ShiJianDao pointed out,The United States established new trade law enforcement agencies/Revised tariff act and more action is of general election political needs,Not substantive damage relations between China and the United States.Senior fellow at the peterson institute for international economics Aphrodite also said,The United States to China's trade sanctions is unlikely to surge.

　　美国智库凯托学会贸易政策研究中心主任丹尼·伊肯森表示，贸易战没有赢家，避免两败俱伤对美国政府来说才是明智之举。据美国廉价太阳能联合会估算，若美方对来自中国的光伏电池及组件征收100%的惩罚性关税，将在未来3年内损失5万个工作岗位。

American think-tank kay Joe learn to trade policy research center director Danny Iraq, said Ken,Trade war no winner,Avoid internecine for the American government to be wise.According to the American cheap solar federation estimation,If the United States from China to the photovoltaic battery and element collection of 100% of punitive tariffs,In the next three years will be a loss of 50000 jobs.