法国是西方七大工业国家之一，也是世界武器和武器系统的主要出口商之一，中法之间的经贸合作关系一直受到高度的关注。但是法国出口管制在很大程度上制约了中法贸易，特别是高技术贸易和合作的发展。2012年7月，中国国务委员戴秉国在北京会见法国外长法比尤斯时特别表示，希望法方进一步放宽对华高技术出口限制，为提升两国经贸合作水平创造有利条件。本文拟考察法国出口管制制度体系，并在此基础上，展望中法高技术合作的前景。

France is one of the seven western inDUstrial countries,Is the world's weapons and weapon system is one of the main exporters,Economic and trade cooperation between France and China relations have been highly attention.But France export controls to a large extent restricted the china-france trade,Especially the development of high technology trade and cooperation.In July 2012,Chinese state councilor dai bingguo met in Beijing with the French The foreign minister Mr Fabius said in particular,Hope the French side to further ease restrictions on high-tech exports to China,To enhance the level of bilateral economic and trade cooperation create favorable conditions.This paper intends to explore French export control system,And on this basis,Forward to the cooperation method of high technology in prospect.

　　一、法国出口管制体系概况

a/French profile of export control system

　　法国出口管制历史很长，第二次世界大战后西方发达国家组成的、限制成员国向社会主义国家出口战略物资和高技术的“输出管制统筹委员会”（巴黎统筹委员会）就设置在法国。目前，法国的出口管制体系已经较为完善。

The French export controls have a long history,After the second world war of western developed countries/Limiting member countries exports to socialist countries of strategic materials and high technology"Output control commission"(Coordinating committee)Is set in France.At present,France has relatively perfect export control system.

　　（一）法律依据

(a)Legal basis

　　作为欧盟的重要成员，法国在出口管制上遵循欧盟统一的对外经济贸易政策和法律。

As an important member of the European Union,France in export controls on adherence to the European Union's The foreign economic and trade policy and the law.

　　当前法国军品和武器出口管制的主要法律依据是《欧盟武器出口行为准则》。该准则由法国和英国联合发起，1998年被欧盟理事会采纳，成为欧盟共同外交与安全政策的重要组成部分。《欧盟武器出口行为准则》共包括8条准则内容，明确规定了武器出口国家的特殊责任。

The French military and weapons export control is the main legal basis[The eu code of conDUct on arms exports].The standard jointly sponsored by France and Britain,Adopted by the European council in 1998,Become an important part of eu common The foreign and security policy.[The eu code of conDUct on arms exports]Including eight principle content,Specify the special responsibility of arms export country.

　　（二）管理机构

((2))Management institutions

　　法国两用物项和技术出口管制属于生产振兴部(Ministère du Redressement productif)的职责，具体管理机构是两用物项管制办公室（Dual-Use Goods Control Office，法语缩写为SBDU）。该办公室主要负责两用物项出口许可证审批和指导。它拥有一支专家库，包含来自工业经济部、国防部、海关、原子能机构和外交部等多个不同政府部门的16位专家。法国还设有“两用物项部际委员会”。该委员会由外交部主持，当遇到最敏感的问题时，两用物项管制办公室将与“两用物项部际委员会”（Inter-Agency Committee on Dual-Use Items，法语缩写为CIBDU）共同沟通处理。

The French ZhenXingBu DUal-use items and technologies export control belong to proDUction(Ministere DU Redressement proDUctif)The responsibility of the,Specific management institutions is DUal-use items control office(Dual - Use Goods The control office,French acronym SBDU).The office is mainly responsible The for DUal-use items and guidance The for examination and approval of export licence.It has an expert database,From inDUstrial ministry of economic affairs/Department of defense/The customs/Atomic energy agency (iaea) and the ministry of The foreign affairs, and other 16 experts of different government departments.France also has"Dual-use items inter-ministerial committee".The committee was chaired by the ministry of The foreign affairs,When the most sensitive problems,Dual-use items control office will work with"Dual-use items inter-ministerial committee"(Intel - Agency Committee on Dual - Use The items,French acronym CIBDU)Mutual communication process.

　　法国武器和军品出口管制的管理机构是“国防出口部际委员会”（Inter-Agency Commission for Military Exports Control，法语缩写为CIEEMG）。该委员会由外交部、国防部和武器装备总署、经济、金融和工业部等组成，专门负责审批武器的出口。委员会由国防部秘书长任主席，至少每个月举行一次会议，对提交的武器出口申请进行逐一审批。委员会有权根据国家利益，中止武器销售程序。部际委员会如若审批意见不一，将由总理进行裁决，特殊情况下需经由总统批准。

Weapons and military export France is control of the management mechanism"Defense inter-ministerial committee The for export"(Intel - Agency Appointed the The for He was Exports The control,French acronym CIEEMG).The committee by the ministry of The foreign affairs/The ministry of defense and weaponry administration/The economy/Finance and inDUstry, etc,Specifically responsible The for examination and approval of the export of weapons.Appointed the by the defense secretary The for chairman,Hold a meeting at least once a month,Arms exports to submit application The for examination and approval separately.Committee have the right to according to the national interest,Suspension arms sales program.Divided on the inter-ministerial committee if the examination and approval,Will be ruled by the prime minister,The President under special circumstances need to approve.

　　（三）许可制度

(three)Licensing system

　　当前，法国两用物项和技术出口许可证分为单项许可证、国家通用许可证、全球许可证和欧盟通用许可证4类。

The current,French export license of DUal-use items and technologies can be divided into indiviDUal license/National general permit/Global general permit license and the European Union 4 class.

　　单项许可证是指发放给某一出口商的，涉及一个最终用户的许可。它是出口商从事出口业务，特别是敏感物项贸易业务的基本执照。国家通用许可证是根据欧盟第428/2009号理事会决议的规定，由法国主管部门颁发，并公开发表于官方公报的许可。全球许可证是发放给某一出口商的，涵盖出口到一个或多个国家或最终用户的一种或多种两用物项的许可。

Single license refers to a particular exporters,Involves an end user's permission.It is exporter engaged in export business,Especially sensitive items basic trade business license.National general license is according to the regulation of the European council resolution no. 2009/428,Issued by the competent department of France,And published in the official gazette.Permit is issued to a exporters around the world,Cover export to one or more countries or the end user of one or more of the DUal-use items.

　　法国武器和军品的出口遵循逐项审批的原则。但是，鉴于法国作为全球主要军火供应者的地位，政府采取一种相对“开绿灯”的做法，即武器出口只需要确保在3个主要方面获得有关批准即可。这3个主要方面包括与一个预期的武器买方进行磋商、双方就武器出售签订合同、将该类武器出口给获得批准的收货方。

French exports of weapons and military follow the principle of item by item The for approval.but,In view of the fact that France's position as the world's main arms supplier,The government to adopt a relatively"The green light"The practice of,The arms export only need to make sure can be approved in three main aspects about.The three main aspects including weapons buyer consultations with a The forecast/On arms sales contract/Will these arms exports to the approval of the receiving party.

　　（四）执法体系

(four)Law enThe forcement system

　　法国注重出口管制执法体系建设，在世界多国依靠海关派驻机构确保出口管制的实施，并明确规定了执法的程序和违反管制行为的处罚办法。

French attention to export controls law enThe forcement system,In the countries in the world depend on the export controls to ensure that the implementation of the customs in institutions,And specify the program of law enThe forcement and punishment in violation of the control actions.

　　法国海关通过国内和国际的驻办机构保障出口管制的实施。法国在出口管制执法中非常注重核查工作。一般情况下，法国的外交任务是参与最终用户检查和交付核查程序。法国外交、海关和情报官员通常还会保持与其外国同行的经常性接触，作为进一步确保出口商合规的手段。针对某些国家地区，法国其他机构也会参与到核查和数据收集过程中来，如代表国防部的DGSE和DPSD，以及代表海关的DNRED有能力进行核查测试。

The French customs through domestic and international in institutional guarantee the implementation of the export control.France is very pay attention to the checklist in the export control law enThe forcement.Under normal circumstances,France's diplomatic mission is to participate in the inspection and delivery inspection The for end user.France's The foreign/Customs and intelligence officers often maintain frequent contact with its The foreign counterparts,As a further means of exporters to ensure compliance.For some countries and regions,French other institutions will be involved in the verification and data collection process,Such as the DGSE and DPSD on behalf of the ministry of defence,And on behalf of customs DNRED capable of verification tests.

　　对于出口管制违法行为，法国有明确的处罚规定。依据法国《海关法》第414条，未经许可的出口违法行为可处以最高3至5年的监禁，除此以外，缴纳等同于欺诈物项价值一至两倍的罚款，如在5年内再犯罚金可加倍。

In export control violations,France had a clear penalty rules.According to the French[The customs law]Article 414.,Without permission of the export violations can be up to 3 to 5 years in prison,In addition to this,Pay equal to fraud items value, one to two times the fine,Such as make the penalty can be double in five years.

　　（五）国际合作

(five)International cooperation

　　法国是多个国际不扩散公约和机制的创始国和参加国，并在其中扮演重要角色。在防扩散出口管制国际合作过程中，法国始终坚持独立的立场，不依附于其他大国。法国曾认为NPT(《不扩散核武器条约》)条约是美苏争霸的产物，与其防扩散理念相悖，因此曾长期拒绝加入NPT。1997年瓦森纳全会上，美国和英国提出在现有的军品清单中再增加关于运输直升机和空中加油机的相关物项，而法国和俄罗斯否决了这一提议。

France is more international non-proliferation treaty and mechanism of the founder members and members,And play an important role in it.In the process of international cooperation on non-proliferation export control,Always adhere to the independent position in France,Not attached to the other big powers.France had thought the NPT([The nuclear non-proliferation treaty])A treaty is a proDUct of the United States and the Soviet union,And its proliferation ideas,So had long refused to join the NPT.1997 was the plenary session,The United States and Britain is put The forward in the list of existing military add missile-related items about transport helicopters and air tankers,While in France and Russia rejected the proposal.

　　二、法国对华出口管制的变迁

(2)/In France the vicissitude of export control on China

　　法国没有专门的对华武器及敏感技术出口政策，对华出口管制一直是在“巴统”及后来的“瓦森纳安排”框架下进行的，并与美国的对华政策密切相关。

French arms and sensitive technology exports to China there is no specific policy,Export control towards China has been in"batumi"And later the"Tile at arrangement"Under the framework,And is closely related to America's China policy.

　　1949年，法国加入了“巴黎统筹委员会”，对社会主义和一些民族主义国家限制出口战略物资和高新技术。1972年美国相对放宽了对华出口控制后，法国以及其他西方国家也逐渐放宽了对华出口管制。20世纪80年代，中法军售合作开始。中国从法国引进了一批先进的军事技术，包括直升机、发动机、舰空导弹技术、火控系统及侦查卫星等。1989年，法国跟随西方国家对中国实施全面武器禁运。随着欧盟与中国的关系不断发展，中法关系在《欧中关系长期政策》、《欧盟对华新战略》和《与中国建立全面伙伴关系》3个文件框架内取得了重大进展。2003年开始，法国坚定地支持解除对华军售禁运。2003年7月，法国国防部长访问中国，称中法两国同意在军工领域尤其是飞机制造方面进行合作；并推动欧盟重新审议对华军售禁令。2010年11月，胡锦涛主席访法期间，法国强调了支持解决欧盟对华军售禁运问题，中法将在核能领域进行一系列的合作，并继续深化两国航空工业长期且富有成效的合作。

In 1949,,France joined the"Coordinating committee",To socialism and some nationalist countries to limit exports strategic materials and high technology.In 1972 the United States is relatively relaxed export control on China,France and other western countries also graDUally eased export controls to China.In the 1980 s,Method in arms sales cooperation beginning.China imported from France, a batch of advanced military technology,Including the helicopter/The engine/Ship to air missile technology/Fire control system and the reconnaissance satellite, etc.In 1989,,French follow western countries implement total arms embargo on China.With the development of eu relations with China,China-france relations in[Long-term policy of eu-china relations]/[The eu strategy on China]and[A comprehensive partnership with China]Significant progress has been made in three file within the framework.Began in 2003,French firmly supported lifting the arms sales embargo.In July 2003,French defense minister to visit China,Said the two countries agreed to cooperate in military field especially in aircraft manufacturing;And push the eu to reconsider the arms embargo against China.In November 2010,President hu jintao DUring hu,French support The for solve the problem of the eu arms sales embargo is emphasized,The method to carry out a series of cooperation in the field of nuclear energy,And continue to deepen bilateral long-term and fruitful cooperation in aviation inDUstry.

　　三、中法高技术合作展望

three/Method in high-tech cooperation prospects

　　法国是世界第四经济大国、科技大国和工业大国，能源、电讯、航空、宇航、汽车、高速火车、地铁、军工、石油、化工等许多产品在世界上具有优势，能够满足中国对高技术产品的需求，是中国重要的贸易伙伴。但是，欧盟对高技术贸易的重重限制，严重损害了中法经贸合作。随着世界经济、政治格局的变化，突破出口管制瓶颈，促进中法贸易合作交流，将成为发展的主要趋势。

France is the world's fourth economic power/Science and technology power and inDUstrial power,energy/The telecommunications/aviation/The space/car/High speed train/The subway/Military inDUstry/oil/Chemical inDUstry, etc. Many proDUcts have an advantage in the world,Can satisfy the demand The for high technology proDUcts in China,Is China's important trade partner.but,Blocks of high technology trade in the European Union,Serious damage to the china-france trade and economic cooperation.As the world economy/Political landscape changes,Break through the bottleneck of export control,Promote the communication of china-france trade cooperation,Will become the main trend of development.

　　（一）短期内不可能完全放开，但存在放松出口管制的空间

(a)In the short term can't completely let go,But space to relax export controls

　　出口管制一直是西方发达国家用来维护国家安全、遏制新兴国家的工具。虽然法国及欧盟表现出了放松对华出口管制的姿态，但是实际上，在当前全球政治经济形势下，法国或者欧盟完全放开出口管制的可能性很小。

Export control has been the western developed countries to safeguard national security/Tools in the emerging world.Although the French and the European Union showed to relax export controls to China,But in fact,In the current global political and economic situation,French or European Union completely let go of export control possibility is very small.

　　首先，出于国家安全的考虑，很难放开对军事产品、技术以及可用于军事用途的物项、技术的出口管制。“911事件”之后，恐怖主义活动日益频繁，恐怖分子获取大规模杀伤性武器对国际和平与安全的威胁日益上升。欧洲普遍认为，“最恐惧的景象是恐怖分子获取WMD（大规模杀伤性武器）”，所以WMD扩散是“对我们潜在的最大安全威胁”。法国外长也多次强调恐怖主义对法国本土的危害。在这种情况下，出口管制能够有效的控制大规模杀伤性武器的扩散，对法国国家安全有积极的作用。

First of all,For reasons of national security,It is hard to let go of military proDUcts/Technology and the items can be used The for military purposes/Technology export controls."The 911 event"after,Terrorism has become increasingly frequent,Terrorists to obtain weapons of mass destruction as growing threat to international peace and security.Europe is generally accepted that,"The most fear is the terrorists obtaining WMD(Weapons of mass destruction)",So the spread of WMD's"The biggest security threat to our potential".French The foreign minister has repeatedly stressed that terrorism, the harm to French.In this case,Export control can effectively control the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction,Positive effect on France's national security.

　　其次，中国潜在威胁论也影响了对华高技术合作管制的放松。随着中国经济的崛起，欧盟不得不承认中国是世界第一大新兴经济体的地位，且越来越重视对华关系。但是，由于意识形态等原因，欧洲对中国仍然充分戒备，并通过人民币汇率等各种方式遏制中国发展。这一背景下，欧盟或法国还需要通过出口管制遏制中国的军事发展，不可能完全放开出口管制。

The second,Potential Chinese threat theory also has affected the high technological cooperation with China deregulation.As China's economic rise,The eu had to admit that China is the world's largest emerging economies,And more and more importance to relations with China.but,Due to reasons such as ideology,Europe still fully alert to China,And through the RMB exchange rate and other ways to contain China.Under the background of this,Eu or France also need through the export control against China's military development,Can't completely let go of export control.

　　再次，欧盟还必须不断承受来自美国的压力。美国不断在各种防扩散机制中扩大自己的影响，通过出口管制制度将美国国家利益和意志推广到全世界。欧洲和法国虽然能够坚持相对独立的立场，但是很大程度上仍然要受到美国的制约。

Once again,,The eu must also constantly under pressure from the United States.Us continuously expand their own influence in all kinds of non-proliferation mechanism,Through the export control system will be the national interests and will spread to all over the world.Although France and Europe can stick to relatively independent position,But still largely restricted by the United States.

　　但是，随着经济危机的爆发和中国和平崛起，全球政治、经济格局正在发生变化，出口管制已经存在了放松的空间。

but,With the outbreak of the economic crisis and China's peaceful rise,Global politics/Economic landscape is changing,Export controls have been around The for relaxing space.

　　（二）中法共同努力寻找新的技术合作增长点

((2))Sino-french joint efThe forts to find new technical cooperation

　　中法经济具有很强的互补性，又有良好合作基础，双方都拥有经贸合作的良好意愿，在当前出口管制依然存在的情况下，可以通过新领域、新技术的合作，共同努力寻找新的合作增长点。

Sino-french economy have very strong complementary to each other,And have a good cooperation basis,Both sides have good intentions of economic and trade cooperation,In the current under the condition of export control still exists,Can pass new areas/New technology cooperation,Work together to find new growth point of cooperation.

　　当前，新能源、新材料、信息网络、生物医药、节能环保、低碳技术、绿色经济等已经成为新一轮产业发展的重点。中法两国可以将目光投向战略性新兴产业，例如法国将发展太阳能等清洁能源作为经济政策的重点，中国可以利用自身在这方面的优势，通过合作发展清洁能源，为中法高技术合作增添新的动力。

The current,The new energy/The new material/InThe formation network/Biological medicine/Energy conservation and environmental protection/Low carbon technology/Green economy has become the focus of a new round of inDUstry development.China and France can set his sights on strategic emerging inDUstries,France, The for instance, to develop clean energy such as solar energy as the focus of economic policy,China can make use of its advantage in this respect,Through the development of clean energy cooperation,Add new momentum to sino-french high-tech cooperation.

　　在合作方式上，除了进出口贸易外，可以更多的利用项目合作，将中法经贸合作提升到新的高度。中法合作长期以来就有大项目多、技术含量高的特点。中法双方在核电开发、高速铁路、航空航天等众多高科技领域已经有着成功的合作。2007年，时任法国总统萨科奇访华时，法国国有核反应堆制造公司阿海珐集团（AREVA）与中方签订80亿欧元订单，向中国出售第三代核反应堆，该项目目前正在中国广东建设。2009年，中法联合研制的Z15直升机在法国首飞成功。通过这类大项目的合作，中法两国之间成功实现了资源、技术、人员等各方面的交流，真正实现了双赢。

In the mode of cooperation,In addition to the import and export trade,Can use a more project cooperation,The china-france trade and economic cooperation to a new heights.Sino-french cooperation can have a big project The for a long time/The characteristics of high technical content.Both sides in the nuclear power development in the law/High speed railway/Many high technology fields such as aerospace, already has a successful cooperation.In 2007,,When the then French President sarkozy's visit to China,French state-owned nuclear reactor manufacturing company areva(AREVA)And China signed the order The for 8 billion euros,To sell China's third generation nuclear reactor,The project is currently in the construction of guangdong province of China.In 2009,,Sino-french joint development of Z15 helicopter first flight successfully in France.Through this kind of big projects cooperation,Method of resources is implemented between the two countries/technology/Personnel and so on various aspects of communication,Truly realized the win-win situation.