贸易保护主义正在各地抬头 Trade protectionism is up all over

　　9月18日凌晨，美国政府宣布，针对中国补贴整车及汽车零部件政策正式向WTO世贸组织提起申诉。

In the morning on September 18,,The U.S. government announced,According to China's subsidies vehicle and auto parts policy to the WTO formally to mention appeal.

　　9月17日，中方向世贸组织(WTO)提交了一项对美国关税修订法案的诉讼，反对该法案中的“霸王条款”。

On September 17,The direction of the world trade organization (wto)(WTO)Submit a tariff revision to the United States act of litigation,Against the bill of"Overlord clause".

　　9月6日，欧盟委员会宣布对中国光伏产品发起反倾销立案调查。

On September 6,,The European commission announced on China pv product launch anti-dumping investigation.

　　这仅仅是近期与中国有关的几大贸易摩擦案例。

It is only recently about China's several big trade friction case.

　　世界贸易组织的统计数字显示，从去年11月中旬至今年6月，二十国集团(G20)国家颁布的贸易限制措施多达124项。

The world trade organization's statistics show,From last year mid-november to June this year,The second group of ten(G20)Issued by the state trade restrictions as many as 124 items.

　　世贸组织总干事拉米曾在各种场合多次对贸易保护主义抬头的态势表示担忧。他在8月底曾表态说：“经济上的困难，不应成为政界领导人屈服于保护主义的借口。”

The world trade organization (wto) director-general lam had many times in various occasions to trade protectionism growth trend concerned.In the end of August he had said:"Economic difficulties,Should not be political leaders succumb to protectionism excuse."

　　对此，经济学家、中国现代国际关系研究院世界经济研究所所长陈凤英女士认为，保护主义“幽灵再现”，是全球金融危机的后遗症。在“后危机”时代，WTO的现有规则需要改革，建立新的框架机制很有必要。

this,economists/Chinese modern international relations institute world economic institute director ChenFengYing lady think,protectionism"Phantom reproduce",The global financial crisis is the sequela.in"Crisis after"age,WTO's existing rules need reform,Establish a new framework mechanism is necessary.

　　

空喊贸易自由 实干贸易保护 Positions in free trade Action trade protection

　　贸易保护主义幽灵作祟之烈，最让人心悸的，莫过于上世纪30年代的大萧条时期。

Trade protectionism ghost haunt the fierce,Let's the palpitation,In the 1930 s to the great depression.

　　当时，美国颁布了以邻为壑的《斯姆特-霍利关税法》，上调900多种商品的进口关税，致使进口商品的平均税率从40%升至48%。这一行动立即招致其他国家的报复，从而快速引发了全球范围的贸易战，世界贸易总额陷入灾难性的衰退。

At that time,The United States has issued a do harm to a neighbour's[He was especially - Holly tariff act],More than 900 kinds of products raise import tariffs,The imports of average rate from 40% to 48%.This action immediately invite retaliation,Thus rapid triggered a global trade war,The world trade amount into a disastrous decline.

　　由于对保护主义的危害大为忌惮，各国政府及其领导人近来频繁就此表示了警惕与反对的态度。

Because of the dangers of protectionism is fear,Governments and leaders in recent frequently expressed alert and against attitude.

　　今年4月，G20首次经贸部长会议就抵制贸易保护主义达成共识。

In April this year,For the first time G20 economic and trade council of ministers will resist trade protectionism reach a consensus.

　　6月，在G20洛斯卡沃斯峰会上，各方又在消除贸易壁垒方面达成共识，承诺将原本于2013年年底到期的反贸易保护主义协议延长至2014年。在此期间，各方应避免为投资、货物和服务贸易增设新的壁垒，不实施新的出口限制措施，在各领域不实施包括刺激出口措施在内的、违反世界贸易组织规则的举措。

June,In the G20 luo this card wo this summit,All parties in the elimination of trade barriers and reach consensus,Commitment will originally due at the end of 2013 against trade protectionism agreement for another 2014 years.During this period,The parties shall avoid for investment/The goods and services trade add new barriers,Do not implement new export restrictions,In each field don't put into practice to include the stimulus measures, the export/Violation of the rules of the world trade organization measures.

　　刚闭幕不久的APEC会议公报也强调，各经济体均有促进本地区贸易自由化、投资便利化、巩固多边贸易机制的义务。

Just closing the near APEC conference bulletin also emphasized,Economies are to promote regional trade liberalisation/Investment facilitation/Consolidate the obligation of multilateral trade mechanism.

　　但是，与台面上这些频繁表态形成鲜明对比的是，不少国家私下里都心照不宣地舞起了“保护主义”这把“双刃剑”。影响较大的最新案例就是中国光伏产品在欧盟遭遇的反倾销调查，年涉案金额超过200亿美元(约合1300亿人民币)。这是欧盟对中国发起的规模最大的一宗贸易诉讼，7成中国光伏企业面临倒闭风险。

but,And mesa these frequent comment contrast,Many countries privately tacitly dance up"protectionism"this"Double-edged sword".The latest case is greatly influenced Chinese photovoltaic products in the eu anti-dumping investigation of the encounter,Involved in more than $20 billion(About 130 billion RMB).This is the European Union to China has launched the largest a generation trade action,7 into China pv enterprises face the risk of failure.

　　陈凤英认为：“各国在这个问题上的言行不一，正说明当前世界面临的保护主义压力在日渐凸显。”

ChenFengYing think:"Countries on this issue, duplicity,Is explained the current world faces protectionism pressure on increasingly highlight."

　　她说，由于欧债危机长期找不到解决的出路，美国经济复苏步履蹒跚，新兴市场经济增长放缓，使得世界贸易增速减缓。这为保护主义的强硬抬头提供了土壤与催化剂。

She said,Because of the long-term debt crisis could not find the solutions,The United States economic recovery teeter,Emerging market economic growth,Make the world trade growth slowed.This for protectionism looked strong provides soil and catalyst.

　　不少分析认为，在目前的世界经济形势下，靠贸易保护手段保护本国企业并屏障国内市场，正成为多国政客缓解民怨、争拉选票的饮鸩止渴式选择。

Many analysis think,In the present world economic situation,On trade protection means to protect domestic enterprise and barrier in the domestic market,Is a multinational politicians ease anger/The ballot for the remedy is worse than the type selection.

　　

贸易保护主义一再花样翻新 Trade protectionism repeatedly retrofit

　　陈凤英指出，当前的贸易保护主义风潮中，除使用提高关税这一传统手段外，一些更为隐性的非关税手段也层出不穷，如收紧海关监管，加强进口许可证管理，国家安全审查等等。

ChenFengYing pointed out that,The current trade protectionism in agitation,In addition to the tariff increases the traditional means outside,Some more recessive nontariff also emerge in endlessly,Such as tightening of customs supervision,To strengthen the administration of import license,The national security examination and so on.

　　新形势下的贸易保护主义还呈现出几种新态势。

Under the new situation of trade protectionism also presents several new situation.

　　首先，贸易摩擦从以往的劳动密集型产业蔓延至技术密集型产业。

First of all,Trade friction from past labor-intensive industries spread to high technology industry.

　　美国对中国汽车行业发起反补贴申诉就是一例。电信和新能源等新兴产业也成了近年贸易诉讼的多发领域。

The United States on China's auto industry launch anti-subsidy appeal is an example.Telecommunication and new energy, as well as emerging industry has become in recent years, trade action of multiple fields.

　　其次，运用技术性壁垒特别是“绿色壁垒”限制进口。

secondly,Using technical barriers especially"Green barriers"Restrictive import.

　　欧美一些发达国家利用世贸组织的规则，打着保护环境的幌子，对进口企业提出苛刻的条件，以限制发展中国家企业和产品的进入。

Europe and the United States some developed countries use the wto's rules,Under the guise of environmental protection,To import enterprise put forward the harsh conditions,To limit developing national enterprise and product into.

　　第三，在知识产权保护领域对进口产品发难。

The third,In the field of intellectual property protection to revolt imported products.

　　美国国际贸易委员会今年5月对45家企业发起“337调查”，其中包括中国华为技术有限公司。

United States international trade commission in May this year to 45 enterprises launch"337 survey",Including China huawei technologies co., LTD.

　　所谓“337调查”，是指美国依据其《1930年关税法》第337条款，主要针对进口产品侵犯美国知识产权的行为进行调查。事实上，自2002年以来，我国已连续9年成为美国“337调查”的最大受害国。相对于反倾销调查，“337调查”的杀伤力更大。

The so-called"337 survey",Refers to the United States on the basis of the[1930 the end of the year tax law]Section 337,Aimed at the United States imported products infringe intellectual property rights behavior were investigated.In fact,Since 2002,Our country has become the United States 9 years in a row"337 survey"The biggest victimized country of.Relative to the anti-dumping investigation,"337 survey"Damage more.

　　第四，质疑中国企业的所有制性质，对中国企业提出“安全质疑”，也成为美国对中国贸易与投资进行打压的借口。

The fourth,Questioned China enterprise's ownership,To the Chinese enterprise put forward"Security question",Also be the United States to China's trade and investment to crack down on excuse.

　　因怀疑中兴、华为两家中国企业的通信设备可能内置情报装置而对美国国家安全形成威胁，美国众议院情报委员会9月13日举行了公开听证会。这两家中国企业在听证会上力证自己不是国有企业、不受国家控制。

For suspect zte/Huawei two Chinese enterprise communication devices may be built-in intelligence device to U.S. national security threat formation,The United States house of representatives intelligence committee on September 13 held public hearings.The two Chinese companies during the hearing testified that he is not state-owned enterprise/Free of state control.

　　有分析认为，所谓 “国家安全”理由，只是阻挠中国高科(5.92,0.00,0.00%)技产业进入美国市场的幌子。贸易保护主义和政治体制需求，才是其背后真正的驱动力。

Have analyzed that,The so-called "National security"reason,Just obstruct China high-tech(5.92,0.00,0.00%)Biotechnology industry access to the U.S. market cover.Trade protectionism and political system needs,Is the driving force behind the true.

　　

“多哈回合已死” WTO规则须更新 "The doha round was dead" To update the rules of WTO

　　英国《经济学人》杂志最近发表社论认为，多哈回合“已死”，WTO需要建立新的多边磋商机制。

British[economist]Published editorial thought,Doha round"dead",WTO need to build new multilateral consultations mechanism.

　　所谓多哈回合，是指2001年11月在卡塔尔多哈举行的世贸组织第四次部长级会议上启动的新一轮多边贸易谈判。这是首个以促进发展为使命的多边贸易谈判机制，也是发展中国家参与最多、贡献最大的一轮谈判。

The so-called doha round,Refers to November 2001 in doha of Qatar the wto fourth ministerial conference launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations.This is the first in order to promote development as the mission of multilateral trade talks mechanism,Is also developing countries participate in the most/The largest contribution to the round of talks.

　　11年来，在多哈回合框架下，WTO发达成员和发展中成员举行过多次会议和磋商，却一直未能消除在农业和非农产品(5.58,0.00,0.00%)市场准入这两大关键领域存在的严重分歧。谈判几度中断、恢复、再中断，数次错过“最后期限”，总是无果而终。

11 years,In the framework of the doha round,WTO members of developed and developing members held many meetings and negotiations,But have been unable to eliminate in the agricultural and non-agricultural products(5.58,0.00,0.00%)Market access these two key areas exist serious differences.Negotiations slipping interrupt/recovery/To interrupt,Several times miss"The deadline",Always to come and go.

　　陈凤英表示：“多哈回合已没有太大意思了。现在，世界经济与贸易面临的问题，已不是多哈回合能够解决的。在新形势下，WTO必须重设规则，进行针对贸易与投资保护行为的新一轮谈判。”

ChenFengYing said:"The doha round already not much meaning.now,The world economy and trade are faced with the problem,Has not the doha round can be solved.In the new situation,WTO rules must be reset,For trade and investment protection on the behavior of the new round of talks."

　　陈凤英认为，历经多年，WTO已拥有了比较健全的架构，尤其是争端解决机制正在发挥重要作用。但是，WTO毕竟是“危机前”成立的机构，是布雷顿森林货币体系下的遗留产物，西方发达国家在其中占主导地位，议题设置权和决策权主要掌握在美国及西方国家手中。而目前的世界经济格局已发生结构性变化，由西方唱主角转变为东西方共同治理，新兴经济体角色日益重要。世贸组织156个成员中的绝大多数是新兴市场与发展中经济体。因此， WTO必须建立新的框架机制，提高新兴(7.250,0.00,0.00%)经济体的话语权。

ChenFengYing think,After many years,WTO has compared the structure of the sound,Especially the dispute settlement mechanism is playing an important role.but,WTO after all is"Before the crisis"Body set up,Is the bretton woods monetary system of the legacy product,In the western developed countries dominated,Issues set right and main control decision-making power in the United States and western countries hands.But the present world economic pattern has happen structural changes,By western sing leading role into east and west common governance,Emerging economies increasingly important role.The 156 wto members is the vast majority of emerging markets and developing economies.therefore, WTO must establish a new framework mechanism,Improve emerging(7.250,0.00,0.00%)The discourse right economies.

　　WTO的“一票否决”机制也需要改革。多哈回合失败的一个主要原因，在于那句著名的WTO“咒语”：“只要有一项未达成共识，则全盘都将被否定。”

WTO"One ticket veto"Mechanism also need to reform.The doha round one of the main causes of the failure,In the other famous WTO"spell":"As long as there is a not reach a consensus,The overall will be negative."

　　陈凤英说，1995年WTO成立之初制定的规则，现在看来未必适应如今的全球经济形势，比如“金融自由化”、“信息自由化”所带来的风险，就应该得到正视。

ChenFengYing said,In 1995 the beginning of establishment of WTO rules formulated,Now it seems not to adapt to today's global economic situation,For example"Financial liberalization"/"Information liberalization"Brought about by the risk,You should get face.

　　多边谈判难以推进之际，区域性的贸易协定却如雨后春笋般兴起。有观点认为，区域性贸易协定并不都是好事，因为这类协议往往更倾向于用“圈外人的代价”换取“圈内人的获益”。

Multilateral negotiations difficult to promote the,Regional trade agreement are popping up rise.With a view,Regional trade agreement are not good,Because this kind of agreement are often more inclined to use"Those outside the price"Exchange for"Coterie of benefit".

　　对此，陈凤英认为，在多边谈判搁浅的情况下，区域性条约应该是世界贸易协商机制的一种补充。但是，全球性的多边贸易协商机制仍将是最终的必然选择。

this,ChenFengYing think,In multilateral negotiations stranded circumstances,Regional treaties should be the world trade consultation mechanism of a kind of supplement.but,Global multilateral trade negotiation mechanism will still be the inevitable choice.