党的十八大即将于11月8日在京召开，本报《科学发展，成就辉煌》系列专题报道已连续刊出13期，重点反映过去10年我国经济金融领域所取得的重大成就和宝贵经验。今天的专题主要对过去10年间中国在国际贸易中的博弈进行回顾总结。 

The party's eighteen big will be held on November 8 held in Beijing,the[The scientific development,Brilliant achievements]Series special report have been published 13 period,Key reflect the past 10 years our country economy the financial sector have made great achievements and experience.Today's special is mainly for the past 10 years in China in international trade review summarizes the game. 

　　中国已是世界第一出口大国和第二进口大国。作为全球经济大家庭的一员，始终坚持平等互惠、合作共赢的原则开展国际交流合作，但与此同时，不同经济体之间的博弈也是不可避免的。深入贯彻落实科学发展观，在国际贸易中维护国家和民族利益，维护国际贸易公平，这本身也是对世界经济发展的贡献。 

China is already the world's biggest exporter and second importing countries.As a member of the big family of the global economy,Always adhere to equality and reciprocity/The principle of win-win cooperation to carry out international exchanges and cooperation,But at the same time,The game between different economies is inevitable.Thoroughly apply the scientific outlook on development,In international trade to safeguard state and national interests,To maintain international trade fair,It is also for the world economic development contribution. 

　　中美经贸33年：波折与争端中前行 

Sino-us economic and trade in 33 years.:Twists and turns and way in the dispute 

　　■本报记者 姜 楠 

S our reporter ginger nan 

　　随着中国经济实力增强和国际地位提高，对外贸易的影响力也不断彰显。今年3月,中国商务部副部长兼国际贸易谈判副代表钟山透露,中国的世界贸易大国地位已经确定。2011年中国外贸额达到3.64万亿美元,比1978年增长了175倍,中国成为世界第一出口大国和第二进口大国,去年中国在全球的贸易份额可达到10.8%。 

With China's economic strength and international status rises,Foreign trade influence is also constantly reveal.In march this year,Chinese vice minister of commerce, and international trade negotiations deputy representatives zhongshan revealed,China's world trade country status have been confirmed.In 2011, China its $3.64 trillion,More than 1978 rose by 175 times,China has become the world's biggest exporter and second importing countries,Last year, China in the global trade share can reach 10.8%. 

　　不过，与之相伴而来的是贸易摩擦不断升温。据WTO统计,自1995年以来,截至2010年,中国已连续16年成为全球反倾销措施的最大受害者,并自2006年以来连续5年成为全球反补贴措施的“重灾国”。进入2012年,随着世界多个大国大选年的临近,中国与世界主要贸易伙伴国贸易摩擦也逐渐升温,而引领这股“潮流”的还是美国。 

but,With the accompanying is trade friction, increase.According to WTO statistics,Since 1995,By the end of 2010,China has continuous 16 years become the biggest victim global anti-dumping measures,And since 2006 for five years become the world countervailing measures"Poors.let countries".In the 2012 years,With the world more powers the approach of the election year,China and the world's major trading partners to trade friction also gradually warming,And lead the"trend"Or the United States. 

　　历史钩沉： 

History having: 

　　经贸摩擦浓缩政经现实 

Economic and trade friction concentrated political and economic reality 

　　伴随2001年中国加入世界贸易组织，中美经贸关系更是进入加速增长的新阶段。据美国商务部的统计，2007年中美贸易总额达到3867亿美元，中国保持美国第二大贸易伙伴地位，中美贸易额占美国对外贸易总额的12.4%，仅次于加拿大的18%。健康发展的中美经贸关系不仅对两国自身的经济发展意义重大，而且对世界经济增长点贡献已经超过40%。 

With 2001 years of China's accession to the world trade organization,Sino-us economic and trade relations is in the new stage of accelerated growth.According to the statistics of the us department of commerce,In 2007 the us-china trade totaled us $386.7 billion,China keep America's second largest trading partner status,Sino-us trade accounts for 12.4% of the total amount of the United States foreign trade,18% of the second only to Canada.Healthy development of sino-us economic and trade relations between the two countries not only their own economic development is of great significance,But also for the world economic growth has exceeded 40% contribution. 

　　不过，与此同时，中美贸易摩擦此起彼伏，不断深化，逐步从单纯经济性摩擦，向政治性、制度性摩擦过渡。 

but,meanwhile,The sino-american trade friction to break out,deepening,Gradually from pure economic friction,To political/Institutional friction transition. 

　　2000年后，美国对华反倾销数量逐年增多，从纺织、轻工等领域逐步蔓延到化工、钢铁、机电以及高新技术产品领域，继而扩展到知识产权、执法、政府采购、生命科技产品市场准入、保险和电信市场准入、补贴等众多领域。 

2000 years later,American anti-dumping quantity increased year by year,From the textile/Light industry etc gradually spread to chemical industry/Iron and steel/Mechanical and electrical and high-tech products field,Then extended to the intellectual property rights/Law enforcement/Government procurement/Life science and technology products market access/Insurance and telecommunications market access/Subsidies, etc. 

　　2008年下半年，由美国次贷危机引发的全球经济危机对美国及全球经济产生不利影响，以美国为首的一些西方国家带头掀起了贸易保护主义，采取了许多新的限制自由贸易的手段，引发了许多贸易摩擦和纷争，中国作为美国的第二大贸易伙伴，自然而然成为美国发起贸易摩擦的首要对象。 

The second half of 2008,By the American subprime mortgage crisis caused by the global economic crisis in the United States and the global economy produce adverse effect,Us-led some western countries to take the lead lifted the trade protectionism,Take a lot of new restrictions means of free trade,Triggered many trade frictions and disputes,China, as America's second largest trade partner,Naturally become the United States launched the first object trade friction. 

　　2009年到2012年间，美国对我国发起的贸易保护措施对相关商品出口造成严重阻碍。如，2009年9月美国决定对我国轮胎产品连续3年加征特别关税，2010年2月，美国对华礼品盒和包装丝带征收高到231%的反倾销税，2012年3月，美国商务部对中国输美太阳能产品实施双反裁决。初裁认定，中国输美太阳能产品村委补贴系那个为，幅度为2.9%-4.73%。 

From 2009 to 2012,The United States launched to our country trade protection measures of export goods related to cause serious obstacles.if,In September 2009, the decision to our country tyre products of three consecutive years of imposing a special tariffs,In February 2010,The United States and China gift box packaging ribbon impose high to 231% of the anti-dumping duties,In march of 2012,The ministry of commerce of China lost beauty solar product implementation double reverse award.Initial cutting that,China lost beauty solar products for seat subsidy system that,The rate of 2.9% - 4.73%. 

　　从这一演变过程可以看出，中美贸易摩擦呈现出以下特点，其一，摩擦涉及的经济产业领域不断扩大，并且正从单纯的贸易领域上升到整个经济结构层面，美国力图通过以经济制度协调为核心的制度摩擦对中国经济社会结构调整施压，如中国市场经济地位问题、人民币汇率问题和劳工问题。其二，中美贸易摩擦中的新名词不断增加，除了反倾销、诸如保障措施、特保措施、技术贸易壁垒等新手段不断涌现。其三，贸易形态逐渐复杂化，多边贸易摩擦现象明显增多。如，201钢铁保障措施案涉及14个国家，其中还包含欧盟和日本。 

From the evolution process can be seen,The sino-american trade friction presents the following features,one,Friction involves economic industry constantly expand,And are from the pure trade field to rise to the level of economic structure,The United States tries to through the economic coordination system as the core system of the friction on China's economic and social structure adjustment pressure,As China's market economy status/The RMB exchange rate and labor problems.The second,The sino-american trade friction process of growing,In addition to anti-dumping/Safeguard measures such as/Safeguard measures/Technical barriers to trade and other new methods are constantly emerging.thirdly,Trade form gradually complicated,Multilateral trade friction phenomenon obviously increased.if,201 iron and steel security measures case in 14 countries,It contains the European Union and Japan. 

　　显然，形成这种局面的原因是多方面的，从中国方面来看，产业结构的低端特性在打开国门的初期所显示出来的优势不断消减，并逐步演变为摩擦原因；从美国方面看，由于所谓“中国威胁论”的盛行增强了对中国经济崛起的防范心理，并将美国的经济衰退的一部分归因于中国对美的巨额出口，从而破坏了中美正常的经贸关系。 

obviously,Form the situation reason is various,From the Chinese side,The industrial structure of the low-end characteristic in the open doors initial have shown advantage constantly cut,And gradually evolved into friction causes;From the United States to see,Because of the so-called"China threat theory"The prevalence of strengthened to China's economic rise is preventive psychological,And part of the recession in the United States to China's beautiful huge export,Thus destroy the normal economic and trade relations between China and the United States. 

　　如果不加以应对和协调，不仅两国经济将遭遇损失，也会给世界经济复苏带来不利影响。 

If you don't dealt with and coordinate,Not only the two countries' economies will suffer losses,Also can give the world economic recovery bring adverse effect. 

　　经典战役： 

Classic battle: 

　　轮胎特保案没有赢家 

Tire safeguard case no winner 

　　纵观中美十年间的贸易摩擦，中国输美轮胎的“特保案”无疑是一个缩影。2012年9月26日，由于在法定期限内没有利害关系方提出延期申请，3年前美国对中国输美轮胎采取的特保措施终于划上句号。 

Throughout the ten years of trade friction,China lost beauty tyre"Safeguard case"No doubt is a miniature.2012 September 26,,Within the statutory time limit due to no interested party puts forward extension application,Three years ago, the United States to China lost beauty tire take the special security measures finally end. 

　　2009年4月20日，美国钢铁工人联合会（USW）声称，代表国内13家轮胎工厂1.5万名工人，向美国国际贸易委员会（ITC）提出对我国输美消费轮胎实行配额限制的特别保障措施。其申诉书指控近5年中国轮胎对美出口激增，导致美国轮胎业失去了大约5000个工作岗位，损害了美国工业的利益。 

On April 20, 2009,The United States steel workers union(USW)says,On behalf of the domestic 13 home tire factory 15000 workers,To the United States international trade commission(ITC)Puts forward to our country lose beauty consumption quotas on tire special safeguard measures.The declaration charges nearly five years Chinese tire exports to the surge,Led to the American tire industry lost about 5000 jobs,Harm the interests of American industry. 

　　4月29日，ITC发布公告，正式启动对中国轮胎产品的特保调查，这是美对我国发起的第7起特保调查（前6起均被布什政府否决），也是案值最大、影响最大的一起。 

April 29,ITC issued,Official start of China tire product safeguard investigation,This is the beauty to our country launched since 7 safeguard investigation(The first six up were the bush administration rejected),Is also the largest imposed/One of the biggest influence. 

　　我国政府第一时间做出回应，商务部新闻发言人于北京时间4月30日发表谈话，表示强烈不满和坚决反对。同日，由商务部公平贸易局组织召开案情分析会，制定应对措施，20家轮胎生产企业和橡胶协会、五矿商会出席会议。会议在分析案情的基础上认为，要正确看待特保的歧视性、程序短、门槛低等三个特点的危害性，一旦实施将会产生连锁反应，WTO成员国以贸易转移为由，不需进行调查程序，即可施行贸易救济保护。会议要求涉案企业要积极配合，填好问卷，协助做好数据收集和参与应对工作。会议决定成立轮胎特保案协调联络工作委员会，做好资料、材料收集和沟通协调工作。 

The first time our government to respond,Commerce ministry spokesman said in Beijing on April 30, time announce a conversation,Expressed strong dissatisfaction and resolute opposition.On the same day,Fair trade organization by the ministry of commerce held a case analysis,respond,20 tyre production enterprise and rubber association/The chamber of commerce of metals to attend the meeting.The meeting on the analysis on the basis of a case that,To safeguard a correct view of discriminatory/Program short/The low threshold of the three features of harmfulness,Once the implementation will produce a chain reaction,WTO member states to trade for transfer,Do not need to undertake investigation procedure,Can execute trade relief protection.The meeting required involving enterprises should actively cooperate with,Fill out the questionnaire,Assist to collect data and to participate in the work to deal with.The meeting decided to set up the tyres safeguard case coordinate contact working committee,Well material/Material collection and communication and coordination work. 

　　6月18日，ITC的6位委员在对华轮胎特保案中以4：2的投票结果认定，中国轮胎产品进口的大量增加，造成或威胁造成美国内产业的市场扰乱。6月29日，ITC公布了轮胎特保案的救济措施建议，在现行进口关税（3.4%-4.0%）的基础上，对中国输美乘用车和轻型卡车轮胎连续3年分别加征55%、45%和35%的从价特别关税。 

June 18,,ITC six members in safeguard China tire case to 4:2 that the voting results,Chinese tire imports of products a large increase,Caused or threatened to cause market disruption of the industry in the United States.June 29,,ITC announced the tire safeguard case of remedies suggested,In the current import tariffs(3.4% - 4.0%)Based on,On China's lost beauty passenger car and light truck tire continuous three years 55% AD valorem respectively/45% and 35% of the AD valorem special tariffs. 

　　按照美调查程序，总统将于当年9月17日前，就美贸易代表办公室提交的报告，最终决定是否实施特保措施以及措施的类型。 

According to the American investigation procedure,The President will be on the 17th September,The us and trade representative office submit report,Finally decided to whether to implement safeguard measures and the types of measures. 

　　抓住这一“时间差”，中国政府职能部门积极采取各种手段，尤其是通过各种渠道的闭门谈判向美方提出严正交涉，表达我国政府立场。7月6日，中国橡胶工业协会召开紧急磋商会议，商务部公平局领导、工信部有关司、五矿商会和主要涉案企业参加，会议坚决反对ITC的救济措施建议，同时向美国总统和有关团体至公开信。由企业联名立即向国务院紧急报告。7月24日，国务院总理温家宝和副总理王岐山做出重要批示，并批转财政部、国家发改委和商务部的领导，此举使轮胎产业界受到极大鼓舞，并坚定了对轮胎特保案抗争到底的决心。 

Seize this"Time difference",The Chinese government functional departments actively adopt various means,Especially through various channels to the United States put forward the closed door negotiations solemn representations,Express our government position.On July 6,,China rubber industry association meeting held an emergency consultations,The ministry of commerce bureau of fair leadership/Work letter department relevant department/The chamber of commerce of metals and mainly involved in enterprise,The meeting are firmly opposed to ITC of remedies suggested,At the same time to the President of the United States and the group to open letter.By the enterprise under the state council shall report immediately to the joint emergency.On July 24th,,The state council premier wen jiabao and vice premier wang qishan, a new vice-premier made important instructions,And endorse the ministry of finance/The national development and reform commission and the ministry of commerce leadership,The move makes tire industry are highly encouraged,And strengthened to safeguard tire case defiant determination. 

　　根据商务部的建议，中国橡胶工业协会组成产业代表团，于8月3日赴美进行游说工作，进一步说明中方立场，向美国政府施压。在8月7日的听证会上，中国轮胎业者代表据理力争，针对美方的说法进行了直接驳斥，结果是9组发言人只有2组支持特保。除来自美国钢铁工人联合会的少数人士作证支持对中国轮胎实施制裁外，大多数作证的美国业界代表认为对中国轮胎的制裁建议纯属得不偿失。8月底，中国橡胶工业协会发表公开信《坚决反对美对华轮胎实施特别保障措施》和致奥巴马公开信 《请做出不采取特保措施的最终决定》，力陈这一措施实施后的严重后果。 

According to the proposal,China rubber industry association of industry delegation,On August 3, to lobbying work,Further explain the Chinese position,The United States government to pressure.On August 7th hearing,China's tire industry representative fight it out,According to the us saying to the direct refute,The result is a spokesman for 9 groups only two groups support safeguard.In addition to from the United States steel workers union minority people testify to support China's tire sanctions outside,Most of the testimony of American industry representatives of China tire sanctions that advice is the loss outweights the gain.The end of August,China rubber industry association published open letter[China firmly opposed to beauty tire implementation of special safeguard measures]And the Obama open letter [Please make not to take special security measures final decision],Urge the measures after implementation of the serious consequences. 

　　不幸的是，被称作奥巴马时代中美贸易摩擦第一案的轮胎特保案以中方失利告终。奥巴马9月11日宣布，将在未来三年对中国输美轮胎征收35%惩罚性关税。 

unfortunately,Is called the Obama era trade friction between China and the United States the first case of the tire case to safeguard China ended defeat.Obama announced on September 11,,Will be in the next three years to China lost beauty tires punitive tariffs on 35% collection. 

　　现实的情况又怎样呢？美国知名研究机构彼得森国际经济研究所的一份专题报告显示，美轮胎行业就业人数从2009年9月的5.08万人增至2011年9月的5.20万人。即便认为特保措施是导致就业增长的唯一原因，2年时间里其增加的岗位数也仅有1200个。但这些岗位可谓代价高昂，因为特保措施致使美国内轮胎价格上涨，从2009年第3季度至2011年第3季度，美国消费者额外支出费用超过11亿美元，相当于为创造每个轮胎行业岗位支付逾90万美元。而由于轮胎消费支出的增加，消费者相应减少等额的其他消费支出，从而导致美零售业遭受不利影响，并可能因此失去3700多个岗位。因此，整体而言，特保措施在为美创造就业方面得不偿失。 

The reality of what?The famous American research institutions at the peterson institute for international economics a project report,Beauty tire industry employment from September 2009 to 2011 50800 in September 52000.Even if think safeguard measures, resulting in the only reason for the employment growth,2 years of increasing the number of also only 1200.But these post is costly,Because the safeguard measures in the United States tire prices,From 2009 to 2011, the third quarter of the 3rd quarter,American consumer spending extra cost more than 1.1 billion dollars,To create each tire industry is equivalent to the post pay more than $900000.Due to the increase of tire consumer spending,Consumers equal less other consumer spending,Leading to beauty retail suffer adverse effect,And may lose more than 3700 jobs.therefore,overall,Safeguard measures in the United States creates employment the loss outweights the gain. 

　　中美轮胎特保案是奥巴马时代美国首起对华特保案，也是针对中国的最大特保案，在经济利益的争夺下笼罩着更多的政治色彩，显示出中美经贸关系发展进入全新阶段。

China and the United States safeguard tire case is the Obama era the United States since the first China safeguard case,Is for China's biggest safeguard case,In the economic interests of the enveloped the for more political color,Shows sino-us economic and trade relations development into a new stage.