美国最近在贸易保护方面对中国动作频频。10月8日，美国众议院情报委员会发表调查报告，称来自中国的华为技术有限公司和中兴通讯股份有限公司在美的经营、投资活动构成对美国国家安全的威胁。此报告一出，随即引起中方的强烈反对。10月10日，美国商务部作出终裁，认定中国向美出口的晶体硅光伏电池及组件存在倾销和补贴行为。美国的做法不过是美国民主、共和两党冲刺美国大选的惯用伎俩，是典型的“地堡思维”，这种做法严重践踏了既存的国际贸易、投资等法律体制。

The United States recently on the trade protection in the Chinese action again and again.October 8,The United States house of representatives intelligence committee published survey report,Says from China's huawei technologies co., LTD. And zte co., LTD. Is in the beauty business/Investment activities constitute to U.S. national security threats.This report a,Then cause China's strong opposition.On October 10,,The us Commerce Department to make the final,That China exports to the beauty of crystalline silicon pv cell and components exist dumping and subsidies behavior.The practice of the United States is but American democracy/The republican party sprint the U.S. presidential election two old trick,Is typical of"Bunker thinking",This kind of practice serious trample on the existing international trade/Investment and legal system.

　　一直以来，美国政府对中国的出口产品采取歧视措施。美国商务部日前宣布对中国出口的太阳能电池征收反倾销反补贴税的终裁决定只是一个缩影。对此，中国政府和受调查企业不可能寄希望于外国政府的“公正”对待，只有依靠自己，依靠法律应对。

Has been,The United States government to China's export products take discriminatory measures.The ministry of commerce has announced on China's export of solar battery anti-dumping countervailing duties of the final determination is just a microcosm.this,The Chinese government and the investigation enterprise impossible hope that foreign government"justice"treat,Only rely on their own,Should rely on the legal.

　　朱榄叶

Zhu olive leaf

　　日前，美国商务部宣布了对中国出口的太阳能电池反倾销反补贴调查的终裁决定，将对从中国进口的相关产品征收18.32%至249.96%的反倾销税和14.78%至15.97%的反补贴税。由于美国商务部还确认存在“紧急情势”，商务部决定对除无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司产品之外的其他产品，从临时裁定公布之日前90天追溯征收反倾销、反补贴税。根据美国国内法，这一措施最终能否实施，还要等美国国际贸易委员会对美国国内产业损害和“紧急情势”的最终裁决，这一裁决预计于今年11月下旬公布。

a,The us Commerce Department announced on China's export of solar battery anti-dumping countervailing investigation final determinations,Imports from China to the related products collection of 18.32% to 249.96% of the anti-dumping duties and 14.78% to 15.97% of the countervailing duty.Because the us department of commerce also confirmed there"Emergency situation",In addition to the ministry of commerce decided to wuxi suntech solar electric power co., LTD. Product outside of the other products,From the interim ruling published before 90 days collect retroactive anti-dumping/Countervailing duties.According to the American domestic law,This measure can eventually implementation,Have to wait the United States international trade commission to the United States and injury to a domestic industry"Emergency situation"The final award,The ruling is scheduled for late November this year published.

　　2011年12月，美国国际贸易委员会对国内产业损害问题作出初步裁决，确认美国产业因中国出口产品而遭受实质损害。在初裁报告中，委员会审查分析了美国市场太阳能电池产品的竞争状况，美国国内生产商的生产及就业，产品的进口、消费和市场份额，产品定价情况，美国生产商的财务状况以及损害威胁因素(包括中国的生产能力、美国进口商的库存、订单、其他国家反倾销反补贴税的征收情况)等六个因素，得出结论认为:“有合理迹象表明美国产业因从中国进口的低于正常价值且得到中国政府补贴的晶体硅光伏电池、模块、层压板、面板及建筑一体化材料等产品而受到实质损害”。可以预见，即将出炉的最终裁决不可能出现大逆转。

In December of 2011,United States international trade commission to injury to a domestic industry to make a preliminary decision problems,Confirm that the United States because of China's export products industry suffered substantial injury.In the initial cut the report,Committee review analysis the American market solar battery products competitive status,The domestic manufacturers production and employment,Products import/Consumption and market share,Product pricing situation,The United States the financial situation of the producers and damage threat factors(Including China's production capacity/American importers inventory/order/Other countries anti-dumping countervailing tax collection situation)Six factors,The conclusion that:"A reasonable signs that American industry for imported from China less than normal value and get the Chinese government subsidies of crystalline silicon pv cell/module/laminate/Panel and building integration products such as material by substantial injury".Can foresee,A forthcoming the final award may not appear big reversal.

　　美国不承认中国的市场经济地位，但却在几年前就开始了对中国出口产品的反倾销和反补贴调查，并同时征收反倾销税和反补贴税。中国在WTO对美国的双重措施提出申诉，美国败诉后于今年3月6日修改了国内法:一方面为启动对非市场经济国家产品的反补贴调查提供了立法依据；另一方面要求在同时征收反倾销税和反补贴税时，应当对反倾销税作出调整。

The United States does not recognize China's market economy status,But in a few years ago began on China's export products of anti-dumping and countervailing investigation,And at the same time impose anti-dumping and countervailing duties.China to the United States in its WTO double measures to lodge a complaint,The United States after the losing this year on March 6, modified the domestic law: on the one hand to startup of non-market economies product countervailing investigation provides legislative basis;On the other hand, at the same time for anti-dumping duties and countervailing duties,For anti-dumping duties shall be adjust.

　　然而，法律的修改并没有改变美国对中国产品的歧视待遇，反而突出了贸易保护主义。在双反措施案美国败诉后，美国商务部重新计算了反倾销税和反补贴税，在略微调低了反倾销税率的同时，反补贴税率有所增加，有的产品甚至有较大增加。

however,The law changes and not change the United States on Chinese products of discrimination treatment,It highlights the trade protectionism.In the double counter measure in the United States after the losing,The us department of commerce recalculate the anti-dumping and countervailing duties,In slightly lower the anti-dumping tax rate at the same time,Countervailing rate increased,Some products have even increased considerably.

　　本次对太阳能电池产品的反倾销和反补贴调查从时间上恰好跨越了美国法律的修改，商务部初裁的数据在终裁时都有了变动，反倾销税率的最高值没有变化，最低值从初裁时的31.14%下降了近13个百分点，而反补贴税率却从初裁时的2.90%至4.73%提高了11个百分点还多。此外，最低反倾销税率的降低只对少数几个应诉企业有影响，对绝大多数中国企业来说，遭遇的仍然是249.96%的全国统一最高税率。

The solar energy battery product anti-dumping and countervailing investigation from the time just across the U.S. law changes,At the beginning of the ministry of commerce cutting data in the final had the change,Anti-dumping tax rate with the highest did not change,From the beginning of the lowest when cutting 31.14% fell nearly 13%,And countervailing rate but from the first cut of 2.90% to 4.73% increased more than 11%.In addition,Minimum anti-dumping tax rate reduced to only a few appearance enterprise have influence,For most Chinese enterprises for,Encounter is still 249.96% of the unified national top rate.

　　一直以来，美国政府对中国的出口产品采取歧视措施。在全球经济不景气的大背景下，贸易保护主义的盛行更是可以预见的。正如中国光伏产品主要生产商之一——阿特斯光伏电力有限公司在其发给媒体的声明邮件中指出的，“美国商务部在案件调查的关键环节，选择一个年产能不足100MW的泰国作为替代国，从根本上奠定了裁决结果必将不公的基调，侵犯了中国企业的公平贸易权，为光伏行业的贸易保护主义开了先河”。中国政府和受调查企业提供了大量的证据，证明中国产品没有倾销，也不存在补贴，但都没有被采纳。可见，我们不可能寄希望于外国政府的“公正”对待，只有靠自己应对。

Has been,The United States government to China's export products take discriminatory measures.In the global economic recession background,The prevalence of trade protectionism is foreseeable.As China pv products, one of the main manufacturers, photovoltaic power co., LTD. Liverpool in the media statement issued email pointed out,"The us department of commerce in the case of the key link of investigation,Choose a lack of annual production of 100 mw Thailand as TiDaiGuo,Fundamentally laid the decision results will the fundamental key of injustice,Infringement of Chinese enterprises fair trade rights,For photovoltaic industry trade protectionism opened first".The Chinese government and the investigation enterprise to provide the bulk of the evidence,That Chinese products no dumping,Also does not exist subsidies,But are not accepted.visible,We can't hope that foreign government"justice"treat,Only rely on their own to deal with.

　　对于中国企业来说，在美国国际贸易委员会作出终裁决定后，可以向美国国际贸易法院提起诉讼，对法院判决不服的，还可以上诉。虽然这可能要花费比较长的时间，但美国法院的判决在美国国内有法律效力，对美国商务部和国际贸易委员会今后的行政行为也是有约束力的。因此，中国企业要认真研究美国法律的相关规定，找出调查中存在的问题，力争在美国的法律诉讼中取得突破。中国政府则应该考虑是否向WTO提出争端解决，如果决定提起争端解决，应该仔细研究美国双反案中上诉机构的分析，找准法律点，力争做到全胜。

For Chinese enterprise is,In the United States international trade commission after the final determinations,May apply to the United States international trade court,To court refuses to accept the decision,Can appeal.Though this might take a relatively long time,But the United States court's decision in the United States have legal effectiveness,The ministry of commerce to the United States international trade commission future administrative behavior is binding.therefore,Chinese enterprises should seriously study the relevant provisions of the law of the United States,Find out the existing problems in investigating,Strive for in the American legal lawsuit breakthroughs.The Chinese government is should consider whether to WTO dispute settlement is put forward,If the decision is made to dispute settlement,Should carefully study the double reverse case appeal body analysis,Alignment legal point,Strive to accomplish sweep.

　　法律解决途径只是一个方面，即使胜诉了，也许会再次碰到美国在对待双反案时的结果。因此，对企业来说，还有一个及时调整经营战略的问题。近几年中国的光伏产业飞速发展，产能扩充过快，产量大而国内安装比例低，这些问题的解决是对国外反倾销反补贴应对措施的一种思路。

Legal solution is just a side,Even win,Might once again met the United States in dealing with double reverse case results.therefore,For enterprises,There is a timely adjust management strategy problem.In recent years, China's rapid development of photovoltaic industry,Capacity expand too fast,Production and domestic installation low proportion,The solution of these problems is to anti-dumping countervailing measures of a kind of ideas.

　　此外，还有技术上的提高，也是企业应该考虑的。换句话说，在积极应诉、起诉，力争保持国际市场的同时，我们的光伏产业要开拓国内市场，这样，在外国对我们的出口产品发起反倾销反补贴调查时，企业才有回旋的余地，不被别人卡住脖子。

In addition,And the improvement of technology,Is the enterprise should consider.In other words,In actively responding/prosecution,Strive to maintain the international market at the same time,Our pv industry to open up the domestic market,this,In the foreign to our export products anti-dumping countervailing investigation,Enterprise have room for manoeuvre,Not being stuck his neck.

　　(作者系华东政法大学国际法学院教授)

(The author is the east China university of politics and law, professor of international law)