我国外向型经济和对外贸易实现新跨越，对外开放的深度和广度得到拓展

Export-oriented economy and foreign trade in our country to realize the new span,Opening up the width and depth of the developed

　　记者 傅苏颖 

reporter FuSuYing 

　　“中国近十年来外贸发展发生了很大的变化，尤其是中国入世后，进出口迅速扩张，在外向型经济的拉动下，在出口贸易和外资的迅猛发展下，中国迅速进入了工业化和城镇化双驱动发展的格局，中国全面融入了世界经济体系，外向型经济进入一个快速发展阶段。” 商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院院长霍建国日前在接受《证券日报》记者专访时表示。

"China's foreign trade development in the past ten years great changes have taken place,Especially after China's entry into wto,Rapid expansion of import and export,In the export-oriented economy under the pull,In the export trade and the rapid development of foreign capital next,China's rapidly into the industrialization and urbanization double drive development pattern,China fully into the world economic system,Export-oriented economy into a rapid development stage." The ministry of commerce international trade and economic cooperation research institute President HuoJianGuo recently in accept[Securities daily]An interview with reporters said.

　　经过十年发展，我国外向型经济和对外贸易实现新跨越，对外开放的深度和广度得到进一步拓展。主要体现在以下几个方面：

After 10 years development,Export-oriented economy and foreign trade in our country to realize the new span,Opening up the width and depth of the further development.Mainly reflects in the following aspects:

　　一是进出口贸易规模不断扩大。海关总署的数据显示，从2002年到2011年的10年间，我国进出口贸易额从6207.7亿美元增至36418.6亿美元，年均增长21.7%，较同期全球贸易额年均约9%的增速高出1倍多。我国在全球贸易中的份额由2002年的4.7%逐年上升至2011年的10.2%，自2009年起中国已连续3年稳居全球对外贸易第二大国的位置。

One is the import and export trade continues to expand the scale.The general administration of customs figures show,From 2002 to 2011, 10 years,Import and export trade in our country from $620.77 billion to $3.64186 trillion,The average annual growth of 21.7%,The same period a global trade with an average annual growth of about 9% of the more than 1 times more.In global trade in our country the share from 4.7% in 2002 to rise year after year to 10.2% in 2011,Since 2009 China has three consecutive years global ranks the second largest country in foreign trade position.

　　二是进出口商品结构不断优化。在出口总额中，工业制成品占比由2002年的91.2%提高到2011年的94.7%；机电产品由48.2%提高到57.2%；高新技术产品由20.8%提高到28.9%。与此同时，先进技术、设备、关键零部件进口快速增长。2011年，机电产品进口7533亿美元，比2002年增长3.8倍；高新技术产品进口4630亿美元，增长4.6倍。铁矿砂及其精矿进口6.9亿吨，比2002年增长5.2倍；原油进口2.5亿吨，增长2.7倍。 

The second is constantly optimize the structure of import and export commodities.In in the total export,Manufactured goods accounted for by more than 91.2% in 2002 increased to 94.7% in 2011;Mechanical and electrical products increased from 48.2% to 57.2%;High and new technology products has increased from 20.8% to 28.9%.meanwhile,Advanced technology/equipment/The key parts imported rapid growth.In 2011,,Import of mechanical and electronic products of $753.3 billion,More than 2002 increased by 3.8 times;High and new technology products imported 463 billion us dollars,Increased by 4.6 times.Iron ore and concentrate import 690 million tons,More than 2002 increased by 5.2 times;Crude oil import 250 million tons,Increased by 2.7 times. 

　　三是利用外资规模跃居全球第二。2003-2011年，全国累计实际使用外商直接投资7164亿美元，连续多年成为吸收外商直接投资最多的发展中国家，全球排名也上升至第二位。中国经济的高速发展，实际上一直受三股力量的支撑，即国企、民营和外资，而外资无论在外贸发展方面还是工业化的进程中，都发挥了积极的作用。

The third is the use of foreign capital scale the second in the world.2003-2011,The accumulated actual use of foreign direct investment of us $716.4 billion,For many years become foreign direct investment most of the developing countries,The global rankings also rose to the second.The rapid development of China's economy,In fact has been affected by three forces support,That state-owned enterprises/Private and foreign,While foreign no matter in foreign trade development and the process of industrialization,Play a positive role.

　　四是对外投资从无到有，“走出去”步伐不断加快。2003年，我国非金融类对外直接投资只有29亿美元，2011年增加到601亿美元，比2003年增长19.7倍。对外经济合作迅速发展。2011年，对外承包工程业务完成营业额1034亿美元，比2002年增长6.2倍。 

The fourth is foreign investment from scratch,"Go out"Rapid progress of.In 2003,,Non-financial sectors in China of foreign direct investment only $2.9 billion,In 2011 increased to 60.1 billion dollars,More than 2003 increased by 19.7 times.The rapid development of foreign economic cooperation.In 2011,,Foreign contracted projects completed business turnover of us $103.4 billion,More than 2002 increased by 6.2 times. 

　　霍建国认为，这十年大概可以分成两个阶段，一是“十五”期间，二是“十一五”期间。“十五”期间是一个高速发展的阶段。这期间，由于外部市场宽松，我国外贸进入一个高速增长阶段，同时，国内的产能通过前期的积累也进入一个全面释放阶段，因此，这一时期我国外贸的发展更多的体现在出口规模的扩张方面。这一阶段，全球经济处于相对活跃和稳定增长阶段，外部市场的扩张抵消了投资回报率递减的现象。所以相对来说，中国在全球经济中的比重快速上升，并构建了贸易大国的地位。

HuoJianGuo think,The ten years probably can be divided into two stages,One is"15"period,The second is"11th five-year plan"period."15"Period is a high-speed development stage.During this,Due to the external market loose,Our country foreign trade into a high growth stage,At the same time,Domestic capacity through the early accumulation into a comprehensive release stage,therefore,This period our country foreign trade development more reflected in export expansion aspect.This one phase,The global economy is relatively in an active and steady growth stage,The expansion of the external market is offset by the rate of return on investment decline phenomenon.So relatively,China in the global economy rapidly rising proportion,And constructs the trade great nation status.

　　而“十五”之后，特别是2005年之后，霍建国认为，人民币进入升值的通道，出口的环境开始变得趋紧，国内成本压力上升和国际市场竞争更加激烈，反过来促进了我国出口质量和效益的快速提升。

and"15"after,Especially after 2005,HuoJianGuo think,RMB appreciation in the channel,Export environment began to become a tightening,The domestic cost pressure rise and the international market more competitive,In turn, promote the quality and efficiency of our country export the rapid promotion.

　　“总体来看，通过这十年的发展，不仅使得我国出口商品的结构不断优化，也使得过去我国过度依赖欧美等主要市场的格局发生了根本的改变。如东盟作为一个整体的新兴市场，已经成为我国第三大主要贸易伙伴。此外，经过这十年的发展，出口企业的规模和经营能力以及水平都得到了显著的提高。现在已经涌现了一批具有跨国公司特征的，不仅经营出口同时经营进口，还经营海外投资，这其中包括一些民营的大规模外贸企业集团。伴随着出口环境的改变，出口质量和效益也出现了明显改善。”霍建国认为。

"overall,Through this ten years of development,Not only makes the structure of our country export commodities continuous optimization,In the past our country also make excessive dependence on the pattern of Europe and the United States and other major markets has been given birth to essential change.Such as asean as a whole emerging market,Has become the third major trading partner.In addition,After the ten years of development,Export enterprise scale and management ability and level have been improved significantly.Now has emerged a number of multinational companies features,Not only engaged in export and import business,Also business overseas investment,These include some private large-scale foreign trade enterprise group.Along with the change of the export environment,Export quality and benefits also appeared obviously improved."HuoJianGuo think.

　　值得注意的是，这十年间，我国的外贸政策也进入了调整阶段。

It is important to note that,These ten years,Our foreign trade policy has entered adjustment stage.

　　一是出口退税政策。入世之初，随着出口的迅速发展，出口退税规模不断扩大，同时也形成了新的财政负担。2004年1月1日实行新出口退税政策，采取了部分下调或取消部分产品出口退税。2008年下半年以来随着美国次贷危机升级为国际金融危机，外贸环境急剧恶化。为稳定出口，我国从2008年8月至2009年7月，连续7次大规模上调纺织服装、机电、钢材、化工等产品的出口退税率。从2010年7月15日起，我国又进一步采取了取消部分钢材、有色金属加工材、农药、医药、化工产品、塑料及制品、橡胶及制品、玻璃及制品的出口退税，共涉及商品品种406个，有力地促进了外贸的转型升级进程。随后，为稳定出口，帮企业渡过难关，财政部和国家税务总局又下发了《关于出口货物劳务增值税和消费税政策的通知》以及《出口货物劳务增值税和消费税管理办法》两项重要文件。

One is the tax reimbursement for export policy.At the beginning of the wto,With the rapid development of export,Export tax rebate scale expands unceasingly,At the same time also the formation of a new financial burden.On January 1, 2004 practice new export tax rebate policy,Take some cut or cancel some products export tax rebate.Since the latter half of 2008 as the U.S. subprime crisis upgrade for the international financial crisis,Foreign trade environment worsen sharply.To stabilize the export,Our country from August 2008 to July 2009,Continuous 7 times raised large textile and apparel/Mechanical and electrical/steel/Chemical products of export rebate rate.From 2010 since July 15,Our country and further take the cancel part of the steel/Non-ferrous metal processing wood/pesticide/medicine/Chemical products/Plastic and products/Rubber and products/Glass and products export tax rebate,A total of 406 in range of goods,Effectively promote the transformation of the foreign trade upgrade process.then,To stabilize the export,Help enterprise tide over the difficulties,The ministry of finance and the state administration of taxation and issued[As for the export goods labor value added tax and consumption tax policy notice]and[Export cargo services of value-added tax and consumption tax management measures]Two important documents.

　　二是出口信贷政策。加入世贸组织后，中国全面取消了出口补贴政策，而加大了买方信贷和卖方信贷以及出口信用保险工作。此外，为鼓励企业开拓国际市场，我们对高风险地区的贸易开展了出口信用保险业务，有力地支持了企业的发展，并降低了企业在外汇和市场波动中的风险。

The second is export credit policy.To join the wto,China's comprehensive cancelled export subsidy policy,And increase the buyer's credit and seller's credit and export credit insurance work.In addition,In order to encourage enterprises to explore international market,Our high risk to trade in the region to carry out the export credit insurance business,Effectively support the development of the enterprise,And reduce the enterprise in foreign exchange and market fluctuation risk.

　　三是人民币汇率升值和汇率形成机制改革。1994年，中国实行人民币汇率改革，实现了人民币汇率的单轨运行，有管理的浮动汇率成为人民币汇率形成的主要方式。2005年7月21日，中国人民银行正式宣布开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。2010年6月19日，中国重启人民币汇率形成机制改革，以增强人民币汇率弹性。2012年4月16日起,银行间即期外汇市场人民币对美元交易价浮动区间继续由0.5%扩大至1%，对人民币汇率浮动进行动态管理和调节，促进人民币汇率弹性逐步增强。

The third is the exchange rate for the renminbi revaluation and exchange rate formation mechanism reform.In 1994,,China implements the RMB exchange rate reform,To realize the RMB exchange rate of monorail operation,A managed floating exchange rate of the RMB exchange rate become the main way.On July 21, 2005,The people's bank of China formally announced the launch of practice based on market supply and demand/With reference to a basket of currencies regulation/A managed floating exchange rate system.On June 19, 2010,China to resume the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism reform,In order to enhance the exchange rate for the renminbi elastic.April 16, 2012 up,Inter-bank spot foreign exchange market of the RMB against the us dollar transaction value floating interval continue to expand by 0.5% to 1%,To the RMB exchange rate floating dynamic management and regulation,Promote the exchange rate for the renminbi elastic escalate.

　　四是外资税收等优惠政策的调整。在WTO框架下，为推进内外资的统一国民待遇，2008年内外资的所得税实现了“两税合一”，税率调整为25%。2010年底，对外资企业开始征收城建税和教育附加费。自2011年开始，中国外资企业享受的税收优惠政策与内资企业完全一致。

The fourth is foreign capital, such as the adjustment of the tax preferential policies.Under the framework of WTO in,To promote the unity of the foreign national treatment,2008 years of foreign income tax realized"And tax",Tax rate adjustment is 25%.By the end of 2010,Enterprises with foreign capital began to collect city building duty and education surcharge.Since 2011,China's foreign investment enterprise enjoy preferential tax policy and the domestic enterprise completely consistent.

　　“中国外贸的增长很大一部分得益于外资的作用，外资企业出口约占出口总额的50%，有1/3的加工贸易支撑着整个外贸市场的格局。也就是说，稳定外贸增长同稳定外资增长关系密切。”霍建国表示。

"The growth of China's foreign trade from a large part of the role of foreign capital,Wholly foreign-owned enterprises to export accounts for about 50% of the total amount of export,One third of the processing trade supporting the whole foreign trade market pattern.That is,Foreign trade growth stability with stable foreign relationship between growth closely."HuoJianGuo said.

　　霍建国表示，从利用外资的环境和举措来看，中国继续扩大利用外资有相当大的余地。我国在高端制造业、企业兼并重组、服务业的开放方面都面临着新的突破和选择。从当前外资的兴趣来看，投资的47%在服务业，同时外资更倾向于直接参与企业的兼并重组或收购，直接进入中高端制造业。因此，我国在未来继续扩大开放的领域和空间显得尤为关键。

HuoJianGuo said,From the use of foreign capital environment and measures to see,"China continues to expand the use of foreign capital have considerable leeway.Our country in the advanced manufacturing/Annexation and reorganization of enterprises/The opening of the service industry is faced with new breakthroughs and choice.From the current foreign interest to see,47% of the investment in services,At the same time, foreign investment more inclined to directly involved in enterprise annexation and reorganization or acquisition,Direct access to the advanced manufacturing.therefore,Our country in the future continue to expand open fields and the space appears particularly key.

　　在霍建国看来，未来能否继续加大市场化改革的力度，创造公平的竞争环境至关重要，应加快推进财税、金融体制改革，为企业发展开创一个公平的竞争环境，关系到可持续发展的核心问题。 

In HuoJianGuo seems,The future will continue to increase the marketization reform,Create a fair competition environment is very important,Should accelerate the finance and tax/Financial system reform,For the development of enterprises create a fair competition environment,Related to the sustainable development of the core problem.