这一月来美国国会对华为、中兴的调查结果闹得沸沸扬扬，众说纷纭。

This January to the congress of the United States to China/Zte survey results make an uproar,Opinions vary.

　　华为近年来已经成为仅次于爱立信的全球第二大电信设备生产商，中兴则排名第五。对于这两家公司来说，海外市场的收入已经超过本地收入，成为业务拓展的重心，是中国名副其实的跨国公司。但是与非洲、拉美、欧洲等地披荆斩棘，攻城略地相比，华为、中兴在美国市场一直是举步维艰，成为其难以进入的一块高地。

Huawei in recent years has become the world's second largest after Ericsson telecoms equipment manufacturer,Zte is ranked in the top five.For the two companies speaking,The overseas market income has more than local income,As business development center of gravity,Is China the multinational company.But with Africa/Latin America/Europe blaze a trail,Compared to capture territory,huawei/Zte in the United States market has been struggling,It is hard to be into a piece of heights.

　　虽然这次的调查结果可以说是过去几年来美国国内对华为偏见的延续，但在无形中将华为威胁论推向了全球舆论的最高点。现在让我们简单回顾一下前因后果。

Although the survey results can be said to be over the past few years the United States for the continuation of prejudice to China,But in intangible will huawei threat to the highest point of the global public opinion.Now let's brief review of cause and effect.

　　收购反复被阻

Acquisition was repeatedly resistance

　　2008年，华为与美国贝恩资本希望以22亿美元收购美国网络设备制造商3Com 16.5%的股份，随后美国外商投资委员会对该交易启动国家安全调查，最后华为被迫放弃该收购。

In 2008,,Huawei and the United States bain capital hope $2.2 billion acquisition of the network equipment manufacturers 3 com 16.5% of the shares,Then the committee on foreign investment in the transaction start national security investigation,Finally huawei was forced to give up the acquisition.

　　2010年，华为试图收购摩托罗拉公司的无线网络事业部和参与竞购互联网软件公司2wire，但均未成功。有业内人士认为，这些失败是因为摩托罗拉和2Wire被告知，美国政府可能会阻止任何交易。

In 2010,,Huawei to acquire the MOTOROLA wireless network division and participate in bidding for the Internet software company 2 wire,But were not successful.The personage inside course of study thinks,These failures because MOTOROLA and 2 wire was told,The United States government might prevent any transaction.

　　同年，华为和中兴欲参与美国第三大移动运营商Sprint-Nextel的无线网络设备升级招标，结果美国四名议员向美国联邦通信委员会致信，敦促其详查中兴和华为与中国军方的关系，当时担任美国商务部长的骆家辉也致电Sprint讨论中国供应商的“安全问题”，最后华为和中兴以远低于其他竞争对手的报价，被拒于竞标大门之外。

In the same year,Huawei and zte to participate in the third largest mobile operator Sprint - Nextel wireless network equipment upgrade bidding,Results the United States four members to the us federal communications commission wrote a letter,Urged the sift zte and huawei and the relationship between the Chinese military,At that time as the us department of commerce long LuoGuHui also call Sprint to discuss China supplier"Safety problems",Finally huawei and zte beyond lower than other rivals offer,From outside the bid.

　　2011年，美国外商委员会向华为发出通知，建议其撤销对美国服务器初创公司3Leaf收购交易，华为曾一度拒绝这一建议，但最终接受建议，撤销对3Leaf部分资产的收购，并发表公开信，邀请美国政府正式地全面调查华为，以洗清美国国内多年来对华为的误解。

In 2011,,The United States foreign commission issued a circular to huawei,Suggest the deregulation of us server startups 3 leaf acquisitions,Huawei once refused to this proposal,But eventually take advice,Deregulation of 3 leaf part of the asset acquisition,And published open letter,Invite the United States government officially complete investigation huawei,To wash down the United States for many years for the misunderstanding of China.

　　公开信引发正式调查

Open letter cause formal investigation

　　在这份公开信中，华为表示美国对华为的指责集中在四个方面：“与中国人民解放军有密切联系”，“知识产权纠纷”，“中国政府的财务支持”，“威胁美国国家安全”。

In the open,Huawei says the United States is China the accused concentration in four aspects:"And the Chinese people's liberation army have close contact","Intellectual property disputes","The Chinese government's financial support","Threat to U.S. national security".

　　于是，在2011年11月，美国众议院情报委员会就华为、中兴涉嫌“威胁美国国家安全”事件，正式展开调查。

so,In November 2011,The United States house of representatives intelligence committee on huawei/Zte suspected"Threat to U.S. national security"events,Formal investigation.

　　今年2月，美国众议院情报委会参观了华为深圳总部；5月，众议院情报委员会副主席在香港会见了华为总裁任正非。9月13日，众议院情报委员会举行了对于华为、中兴的公开听证会。

February,The United States house of representatives intelligence committee visited the huawei shenzhen headquarters;may,Vice chairman of the house intelligence committee met with the President of huawei in Hong Kong Chinese paranoid.On September 13,The house intelligence committee held to huawei/Zte's public hearing.

　　10月8日，　众议院情报委员会对外公布调查报告，最终认定华为和中兴涉嫌侵犯美国国家安全，认为其提供的资料不能证明与中国政府的独立关系，并且呼吁与这两家公司有业务往来的美国公司考虑选择其他供应商，并要求联邦政府阻止两家公司在美国的并购活动。

October 8,The house intelligence committee announced investigation report,Finally that huawei and zte suspected of infringing the U.S. national security,Think the material can't prove and the Chinese government's independent relationship,And calling on the two companies have business relations with the United States company consider to choose other suppliers,And asked the federal government to stop the two companies in the American merger and acquisition activity.

　　可以看到，这一调查结果将美国原先对华为、中兴在美国市场的逐个单次阻挠，转为全面封杀。并且有可能对华为在其他国家的拓展造成负面影响，产生连锁反应。事实上，就在报告公布后不久， 加拿大表示已启用国家安全特例条款，对华为展开调查。同时有消息称，英国议会情报和安全监管部门以华为的通信基础设施可能对英国带来潜在安全威胁为由，正对华为展开调查。正如英国工党的电信事务发言人海伦·古德曼所说，华为对英国的投资是重要的，但是面对美国国会的报告，对相关安全问题展开彻查很紧迫，也很必要。

Can see,The survey results will be the United States to China for the original/Zte in the American market one of the single block,Into comprehensive force-out.And possibly for China in other countries development cause negative effect,Produce a chain reaction.In fact,In the report released soon after, Canada has expressed enable national security exception clause,For an investigation in China.At the same time a source says,The British parliament intelligence and safety supervision department to huawei communications infrastructure to Britain may bring potential security threats by,China is for an investigation.As the British Labour party telecom affairs spokesman Helen goodman said,Huawei to British investment is important,But in the face of the United States congress report,The relevant safety issues on investigate is pressing,Is also very necessary.

　　挥之不去的阴谋论

Lingering conspiracy theory

　　一直颇为重视华为这一对手的思科，在本次事件中显然无法置身事外，频频中枪，最大受益者、幕后推手等论断层出不穷。华盛顿邮报就发表文章暗指思科游说国会，在本次事件中推波助澜。这也难怪，毕竟华为、思科之争由来已久。早在2003年1月，思科就曾向华为发起全面的知识产权诉讼，指控华为在四个方面侵犯其知识产权:盗用IOS源代码、盗用思科技术文件、盗用命令行接口、侵犯专利权。不过，这一官司最后在第二年达成和解协议。

Has been rather pay attention to huawei the opponent's cisco,In this event obviously can't stay,Frequently shot in the,Biggest beneficiaries/Behind the scenes, such as hand slap judge emerge in endlessly.The Washington post is to publish the articles allude to cisco lobby congress,In this incident add fuel to the fire.It is no wonder that,After all, huawei/Cisco has the dispute.Early in January of 2003,Cisco has to huawei launched comprehensive intellectual property litigation,Accused of huawei in four aspects infringe upon their intellectual property rights: theft IOS source code/Theft cisco technical documents/Theft command line interface/Infringement of a patent.but,This case finally in the second year reached a settlement.

　　随着华为在海外的市场份额日益扩大，并从运营商领域逐步拓展至企业网业务，思科与华为的竞争逐步升级，两者的关系已不能和2003年同日而语。如今，华为正意图进军思科的大本营——美国。显然，思科无法坐视不理。这从思科CEO钱伯斯多次公开表示华为是思科最棘手的对手，就可见一斑。

With huawei in overseas market share widening,And from the field of operators expanded to the enterprise network business,Cisco and huawei's competition gradually upgrade,The relationship between them is not and 2003 mentioned in the same breath.now,Huawei is intent to cisco's base camp - the United States.obviously,Cisco can't sit still.This from the cisco CEO Chambers multiple said publicly that huawei is cisco the most difficult opponents,It is obvious.

　　当然更大的阴谋论则是美国对中国企业崛起的刻意阻挠和打压。纵观这次调查报告的公开部分，美国国会并未找到华为威胁国家安全的切实证据，只是单凭对华为、中兴的透明度和独立性的质疑，做出定论。确实也难免令人感到有贸易保护主义之嫌。

Of course greater conspiracy theory is the United States to the Chinese enterprise rise painstakingly obstruct and crack down on.Throughout the investigation report of the public,The United States congress did not find huawei threaten national security the practical evidence,Just for a single for China/Zte transparency and independence of the question,Appeared to.Really also hard to avoid is feel trade protectionism too.

　　目前，华为在美国拥有四个研发中心，员工达到1700人。华为的客户包括运营商Leap Wireless和Clearwire，以及一些小型的乡村运营商。去年，华为在美国的销售收入为13亿美元，占总体营收的4%。而在调查结果出炉后，华为的客户Leap Wireless虽然表示仍将在明年的网络升级中采用华为的设备，但“正大量削减华为在其LTE网络设备中的比例”。

At present,Huawei in the United States have four r&d center,Employees to reach 1700 people.Huawei's customers include operators Leap Wireless and Clearwire,And some small country operators.Last year,Huawei sales in the United States income for 1.3 billion dollars,Accounted for 4% of the overall revenue.And in the results of the survey after a,Huawei customer Leap Wireless although has said that it will in next year's network upgrade with huawei equipment,but"Are slashing huawei in its LTE network equipment in proportion".

　　面对纷争考验

In the face of disputes test

　　中国企业在走出国门后，国际上的贸易摩擦屡见不鲜。随着越来越多的中国企业成为名副其实的跨国企业，在应对国外的调查和质疑时，中国企业需要更加审时度势和讲究策略。

Chinese enterprises in after go out of the country,International trade friction common occurance.As more and more Chinese enterprises become the multinational enterprise,In dealing with foreign investigation and when questioned,Chinese enterprise will need to do even more to size up the situation and pay attention to strategy.

　　就这次华为、中兴遭美国国会调查始末来看，华为当初在面对美国议员、美国外商投资委员会等对其收购扩张的多重阻挠时，要求美国政府给予华为正式调查一举，确实勇气可嘉，但似乎过于冒险并准备不足。

Will the huawei/Zte by the United States congress survey beginning to see,Huawei did on facing the U.S. senator/The committee on foreign investment on the acquisition of expansion when multiple block,The request for the U.S. government to give huawei formal investigation at one fell swoop,Really courageous,But it seems too adventure and to inadequate preparation.

　　华为和中兴在美国受阻的最大理由仍然是被怀疑拥有政府或军方背景，接受政府的资助。华为虽然是私营企业，但是在领导层、股东和财务运作情况上的不透明，难以取得美方信任。比如，按照美国法律，股东数超过500名，就必须上市或者对外公开财务信息，而华为6.56万名员工全员持股的模式，显然超出人数限制，但是这种股权结构如何上市，是一大问题。如果不上市，在财务公开的形式上，华为与美国企业也仍然有差距，引人诟病。中兴虽然是上市公司，但是鉴于其众所周知的国有企业身份，也很难撇清与政府的关系。

Huawei and zte blocked in the United States the biggest reason is still was suspected to have the government or the military background,To receive government funding.Huawei although is a private enterprise,But in the leadership/Shareholders and the financial operation of opaque,The United States, it is hard to obtain the trust.For example,According to the laws of the United States,Shareholders number more than 500,Must be listed or foreign public financial information,And huawei 65600 employees overall holding pattern,Apparently beyond limit the number,But this how ownership structure to the public,Is a big problem.If not listed,In financial open form,Huawei and American enterprise is still a gap,Catch for.Zte although is a listed company,But in view of its known as the state-owned enterprise identity,Also it is difficult to skim clear and government relations.

　　当然，为了打赢美利坚一战，华为也付出了非常大的努力，开始学习按照美国规则出牌。在过去几年中，华为聘请了前美国国务院首席律师、美国国家安全委员会顾问担任公司顾问，资助美国高等教育和研究项目，向美国企业采购设备、软件和服务，还聘请了七家美国游说公司进行游说，而在2009年，华为合作的游说企业仅为一家。

Of course,In order to win the game,Huawei also paid the very big effort,Begin to learn the rules in accordance with the brand.In the past few years,Huawei hired former state department chief counsel/The national safety council consultant company as consultants,Funding for the higher education and research project,To the American enterprise purchase equipment/Software and services,Also hired seven American lobby companies lobbying,In 2009,Huawei cooperation lobby enterprise is only a.

　　值得一提的是，在美国，游说是一个产业，在国会立法中起着重要作用。任何人均可通过这个“政治后门”，越过官僚体制的重重阻碍，直达政府决策的最高层。美国行业巨头们每年都会投入巨大资金用于游说国会，从而影响政策制定，为自己谋得更大的利益。根据相关资料，思科2012年游说费用为121万美元，排在同类企业中的第十二位。在它之前的还有谷歌、惠普、微软、甲骨文、IBM等赫赫有名的企业。而华为仅在今年前半年，在美国的游说费用就达到了82万美元，相较去年大幅上升。

Be worth what carry is,In the United States,Lobbying is an industry,In the legislation plays an important role.Any person can through this"Political back door",Over the bureaucracy of the many obstacles,Through the top of the government's decision.The United States every year the industry giant into huge funds for lobby congress,Which affect policy,For personal have more interests.According to relevant data,Cisco 2012 years lobbying expenses for 1.21 million dollars,Row in the similar enterprises in the 12th.Before it and Google/HP/Microsoft/Inscriptions on oracle bones/IBM etc famous enterprise.And huawei only in the first half of this year,In the United States lobby expenses reached almost 820000 dollars,Compared to rise sharply last year.

　　只是，适逢美国大选年的特殊政治环境，以及美国国内对中国一些企业的长期不信任感，仅靠华为和中兴的力量独抗一面，无疑是杯水车薪，失败在所难免。中国政府部门无疑应该在保护和帮助本土企业上，起到更大的作用。虽然在美国国会的责难下，中国大型企业似乎需要淡化国有痕迹，但是合理运用国际法律法规维护自身权益依然势在必行。同时，国内应加强对企业的法治建设和规范化管理，力求不授人以柄。而美国对于国家网络安全的极度重视和维护，这对经济日趋全球化的中国，更是一面反思的镜子，值得我们思考和借鉴。

just,American election year upon the special political environment,And the United States to China some enterprise long-term don't trust,Only on the power of huawei and zte alone side resistance,Barely begins to address the need,Failure is unavoidable.The Chinese government department should undoubtedly in protecting and help the local enterprises,Play a bigger role.Although in the United States congress under fire,China's large enterprise seems to need dilution state-owned trace,But reasonable use of international laws and regulations to safeguard their own rights still is imperative.At the same time,Domestic should strengthen to enterprise's rule of law construction and standardization management,Strive to not charging.And the United States for national network security extreme attention and maintenance,The economic globalization of Chinese,But also a reflection mirror,Worthy of our consideration and reference.