“合规性”贸易壁垒的明显特征 

"compliance"The apparent characteristics of trade barriers 

　　美国对华发起贸易摩擦所采用的手段日益呈现多样化特征。自加入WTO以来，我国一直是中美贸易摩擦的最大受害者。本次金融危机爆发后，美国国内经济不景气，出于维护国内政治经济稳定的考虑，我国不仅遭受了美国“合规性”贸易壁垒，而且又出现了美国对我国提起反倾销调查时间集中、多种“合规性”贸易壁垒同时使用等新的特点，使我国对美的贸易形势变得异常严峻。主要表现为美国针对我国的反倾销、反补贴、保障措施激增。同时，遭受壁垒的产品范围已由传统产品向附加值较高的产品扩展，技术性贸易措施带来的损失逐年加大。另外，WTO允许的适当保护，也成了美国贸易保护主义“合法”的生存土壤，被用来作为进行贸易保护的法律依据，使得许多标榜“合规性”的措施在实施过程中隐藏着深层次的不合理。 

America's China trade friction means adopted by the increasingly diversified characteristics.Since joining the WTO,Our country has been the biggest victims of sino-us trade friction.After the outbreak of the financial crisis,The domestic economy,For reasons of maintaining domestic political and economic stability,Not only in China were hit by the United States"compliance"Barriers to trade,And again the concentration time filed anti-dumping investigation against our country/A variety of"compliance"New features such as trade barriers used at the same time,Make the beauty trade situation in our country is becoming very serious.Mainly for the United States antidumping against China/countervailing/Safeguard measures in.At the same time,Barriers to suffer product range has expanded from traditional products to high value-added products,Technical measures to trade losses increase year by year.In addition,The WTO allows the proper protection,Also became the American trade protectionism"legal"The survival of the soil,Was used as a legal basis for trade protection,Many brand"compliance"In the implementation of the measures of the hidden deep is not reasonable. 

　　到目前为止，反倾销仍然是中美贸易的主要摩擦形式，保障措施（尤其是特别保障措施）、“337条款”调查和技术性贸易措施已成为美国对华实行贸易保护的新手段。除了传统的“两反一保”等WTO允许使用的贸易救济措施外，美国又从中国加入WTO协议中拿到了12年“特保措施”、15年的“非市场经济地位”、8年的“纺织品限制措施”，以及长达10年的WTO多边贸易政策审议机制。随着传统贸易保护手段作用的下降，新的合规性贸易壁垒逐渐被美国政府滥用。前些年美国对我国石蜡蜡烛、活页环、钢铁管件等产品连续发起反规避调查；还对我国维生素C、镁砂和镁制品提起过反垄断诉讼，这是历史上我国首次遭受的反垄断诉讼。此外，美国作为世界科技强国，它所制定的各类技术标准多达5万多个。随着中国对美出口产品的增加，更具隐蔽性和灵活性的技术性贸易措施无疑将成为美国限制进口中国产品的常规手段。 

So far,Anti-dumping is still the sino-us trade friction main forms,Safeguard measures(Especially the special safeguard measures)/"Section 337"Investigation and technical measures to trade has become America's China adopts a new means of trade protection.In addition to the traditional"LiangFan a bartender"Such as the WTO allows the use of trade relief measures,The United States and from got the 12 years in China's accession to the WTO agreement"Safeguard measures"/For 15 years"Non-market economy status"/Eight years of"Textile restrictions",And a decade of WTO multilateral trade policy review mechanism.Along with the traditional trade protection function decline,New compliance trade barriers gradually being abused by the American government.A few years ago the United States to China paraffin wax candles/Loose-leaf ring/Steel pipe fittings and other products for launch anti-circumvention investigation;Also vitamin C in China/Magnesia and magnesium products mentioned that antitrust litigation,This is the first time in the history of our country antitrust litigation.In addition,The United States as the world science and technology powerhouse,It's up to more than 50000 all kinds of technical standard.With the increase of Chinese export products to the us,More covert and flexible technical trade measures will undoubtedly become a routine method in the United States restrict imports of Chinese products. 

　　相互发起贸易救济成中美贸易摩擦的新特点 

Each initiate trade remedy to the new characteristics of sino-us trade friction 

　　美国紧盯中国加入WTO承诺不放松，以多种方式对中国执行协议的情况进行监督，并利用各种政府和非政府报告对中国施压。中美关于“消费市场经济地位”问题是近年来美国对华反倾销案件急剧增加的重要原因，加入WTO以来，美国频繁引用《中国入世议定书》第15条“确定补贴和倾销时的价格可比性”中的“非市场经济条款”，使其取代欧盟成为对华反倾销的第一大国。此外，为了监督中国入世承诺的履行情况，美国已经形成了由政府、企业、国会组成的多层次的监督机制，对中国的贸易、投资、出口管制、人权、法律、宗教政策等一系列问题加以指责。事实上，通过对美国货物贸易、服务贸易、与贸易有关的知识产权等领域进行分析，存在大量名义上符合或不违背WTO的有关规则，但实质上是为了保护美国相关产业和市场而滥用的一系列贸易壁垒，包括：反倾销、反补贴、保障措施和技术性贸易措施、“绿色壁垒”。 

America's focus on China's accession to the WTO pledge not to relax,In a variety of ways to supervise the condition of the agreement for China,And use a variety of government and non-government report put pressure on China.About China and the United States"Consumer market economy status"Problem is that in recent years, the United States anti-dumping cases has increased dramatically,Since the accession to the WTO,The United States frequently cited[China's wto accession protocol]Article 15"Determine the subsidy and dumping price comparability"In the"Non-market economy terms",Make it replace the eu anti-dumping on China's first power.In addition,In order to supervise the implementation of China's wto accession commitments,The United States has formed by the government/enterprise/Congress of multi-level supervision mechanism,Trade with China/investment/Export controls/Human rights/The law/Religious policy and a series of problems to blame.In fact,,Through trade in goods to the United States/Trade in services/Trade-related intellectual property rights, and other fields were analyzed,There are a lot of nominal meet or don't violate WTO rules,But in essence is to protect the United States related industries and market abuse a series of barriers to trade,including:The anti-dumping/countervailing/Safeguard measures and technical measures to trade/"Green barriers". 

　　美国滥用“合规性”贸易壁垒实际上是中美两国产业激烈竞争的必然结果。美国政府希望借助800多亿美元的投资，为民众提供46万个就业岗位，以逐步落实当年出台的《国家出口振兴计划》。该计划的目标是要使美国出口额在5年内翻番，增加200万个就业机会。目前，美国失业率仍然处于历史高位，经济复苏进程缓慢，政府提振美国出口的计划举步维艰。而落实该计划的一项重要手段就是所谓的“加速建设自由与公平准入的世界市场”。在此前“汇率战”未能得逞的情况下，美国又借助课征高额反倾销税等貌似“合规性”的手段发起贸易摩擦的策略也就顺理成章了。 

The abuse of"compliance"Barriers to trade is, in fact, the inevitable result of industry competition in China and the United States.By the U.S. government to more than $800 in investment,Provide 460000 jobs for the people,In order to gradually implement the that year[Country export promotion plan].The program's goal is to double U.S. exports in five years,The addition of 2 million jobs.At present,The U.S. unemployment rate remains at historically high levels,Slow the recovery process,The government's plan to boost U.S. exports.The implementation of the plan is known as an important means"To accelerate the construction of free and fair access to world markets".In the previous"Currency wars"Failed to succeed,The United States and with the aid of seems to impose high anti-dumping duties, etc"compliance"Means of trade friction strategy would be logical. 

　　调整对美外贸发展战略构建中美经贸关系 

Adjustment of foreign trade development strategy to build china-us economic and trade relations 

　　多年来，我国奉行“出口至上”的外贸战略，导致贸易条件不断恶化，政府财政负担也不断加重。当前，我国应该将关注的重点从贸易顺差和贸易额转移到贸易平衡和生产率提高上来，逐渐改变出口增长的方式，鼓励、促进和指导企业自主创新，尽可能提升我国出口产品的技术档次。随着中美经济往来的不断深入，很多美国企业在中国投资并建立自己的工厂，我国应该在这一有利的条件下，借鉴美国企业先进的生产技术和经验，进行技术创新，从而提高我国企业的技术水平，增加对外贸易产品的技术含量。从长远来看，中国需要通过经济增长转型和产业结构调整，改变投资、消费、出口三者的格局。增加国内的消费市场和能力，发挥消费拉动经济的作用，减少对美国出口的依赖程度。 

Over the years,Our country pursues"Export first"The foreign trade strategy,Lead to deteriorating terms of trade,The government financial burden is rising.The current,China should shift the focus of the attention from the trade surplus and trade volume to trade balance and productivity,Gradually change the way of export growth,To encourage/To promote and guide the enterprise independent innovation,Our export products of technology to upgrade as soon as possible.With the deepening of the economic transactions between China and the United States,Many U.S. companies invest and set up their own factories in China,Should be in a favourable conditions in our country,Draw lessons from American companies advanced production technology and experience,For technical innovation,So as to improve the technical level of China's enterprises,Increase the technical content of foreign trade products.In the long run,China needs through the transformation of economic growth and industrial structure adjustment,Change the investment/consumption/Export the three pattern.Market and the ability to increase domestic consumption,Play the role of consumption economy,Less dependent on exports to the United States. 

　　另外，我国要合理统筹国内发展与对美经贸关系，同时要树立全局战略意识，坚持与美国发展的全面经贸合作，全面构建和谐的中美经贸关系，为我国经济的持续健康发展创造良好的经济环境。 

In addition,Our country should reasonable overall domestic development and economic and trade relations with the us,Want to foster a sense of global strategy at the same time,Adhere to the development of comprehensive economic and trade cooperation with the United States,Comprehensive construction of a harmonious china-us economic and trade relations,For the sustainable and healthy development of economy in our country, to create a good economic environment. 

　　（作者单位系商务部研究院美洲大洋洲研究部） 

(Author unit oceanian affairs department of the ministry of commerce institute of research) 

　　延伸阅读 

Read on 

　　贸易摩擦烦恼如何解 

Trade friction trouble how to solve 

　　4月8日，商务部公布了我国加入世贸组织以来中国遭遇贸易摩擦的有关情况。数据显示，随着出口规模的不断扩大，中国在成为贸易大国的同时，也成为全球遭受贸易救济调查最严重的国家之一。 

On April 8,,The ministry of commerce announced in China since the accession to the wto in our country about the trade friction.According to data,With the continuous expansion of exports,In China into a trading powers at the same time,Has become the world's one of the countries suffering most from trade remedy investigations. 

　　据商务部统计，2002年至2012年，中国共遭遇反倾销、反补贴、保障措施等各种形式的贸易救济调查案件842起，涉案金额736亿美元。同期，中国产品遭美国“337条款”调查共130起。2012年，中国共遭遇21个国家发起的77起贸易救济调查，涉案金额277亿美元，同比分别增长11.6%和369%。仅欧盟对华光伏产品发起的“双反”调查，涉案金额就高达204亿美元。 

According to the ministry of commerce,From 2002 to 2012,China encountered anti-dumping/countervailing/Safeguard measures and other forms of trade remedy investigations since 842,The amount of $73.6 billion.At the same time,Chinese products by us"Section 337"Survey, a total of 130 cases.In 2012,,China suffered 21 countries of trade remedy investigations since 77,The amount of $27.7 billion,Year-on-year growth of 11.6% and 11.6% respectively.Only the European Union to China pv products"Double inverse"survey,The amount is $20.4 billion. 

　　“贸易摩擦增多是中国成为世界第二大经济体和贸易大国的伴生现象，有一定的必然性，成因较为复杂。”商务部公平贸易局调查专员宋和平说。国际金融危机发生以来，全球市场需求减弱，主要发达国家经济增速下滑，内部矛盾凸显，导致保护主义升温。当前中国出口产品虽已呈现市场多元化格局，但市场布局仍不够均衡，部分产品对国际市场过度依赖，一些企业经营仍待规范，也成为贸易摩擦产生的诱因。 

"Increased trade friction is China to become the world's second-largest economy and trade powers associated phenomena,Has certain inevitability,Formation is more complicated."The ministry of commerce bureau of fair trade commissioner said peace song.Since the international financial crisis,Weakening demand in the global market,Major in economic growth in developed countries,Internal contradictions,Result in protectionism.Market diversification patterns in the current China's export products has been,But the market balanced layout is still not enough,Some products of excessive dependence on the international market,Some enterprise still to be specification,Also become the cause of trade friction. 

　　今年一季度，我国遭遇12个国家和地区发起的贸易救济调查22起，同比增长22.2%。宋和平认为，今年中国企业面临的贸易摩擦形势仍很复杂、不容乐观，既要高度重视、积极应对，也要以平常心看待。 

In the first quarter this year,Our country launched in 12 countries and regions trade remedy investigations to 22,Up 22.2% from a year earlier.Song think peace,This year, China enterprise facing the trade friction is still very complicated situation/Is not optimistic,Should not only pay close attention to/Actively respond to,Also want to be common in mind. 

　　商务部新闻发言人姚坚表示，中国政府反对各种形式的保护主义，主张在世贸组织机制下，通过对话磋商妥善解决贸易争端。此外，中国政府将继续推动建立更加公平合理的贸易秩序，并将充分运用世贸规则，坚决维护我国企业合法利益。 

Commerce ministry spokesman yao jian said,The Chinese government opposed to all forms of protectionism,Under the wto mechanism,To solve trade disputes through dialogue and consultations to properly.In addition,The Chinese government will continue to promote the establishment of a more fair and reasonable trade order,And will be fully using the wto rules,Resolutely safeguard the interests of Chinese enterprises. 

　　据了解，近年来，商务部建立“四体联动”的工作机制，积极应对贸易摩擦。主要包括强化贸易摩擦预警、做好贸易救济知识普及；加强统筹协调，运用政治交涉、法律抗辩、业界合作、舆论引导等多种措施做好重大案件应对工作；努力维护与发展中国家间稳定、可预期的贸易环境，力阻贸易摩擦向发展中国家蔓延等。 

We have learned,In recent years,The ministry of commerce building"Four segments linkage"The working mechanisms of,Actively respond to trade frictions.Mainly including strengthening trade friction early warning/Trade remedy knowledge popularization;To strengthen overall coordination,Using political bargaining/Legal defense/The industry cooperation/A variety of measures such as public opinion guide to do a good job of major cases to deal with;Efforts to maintain and stability between developing countries/Predictable trade environment,To oppose trade friction spread to developing countries, etc. 

　　宋和平指出，商务部运用法律抗辩、业界合作等多种措施，有效应对了美国轮胎特保案、欧盟数据卡等一大批影响范围广的重大案件，在应对欧盟冷轧不锈钢板和镀锌板反倾销案等多起案件中取得完胜，保护了出口市场份额。 

Song said peace,The ministry of commerce to use legal defense/The industry cooperation and other measures,To respond effectively to the U.S. tire safeguard case/The data card, etc. A large number of wide scope of influence of major cases,In response to the cold-rolled stainless steel sheet and galvanized sheet anti-dumping cases and other cases more resounding victory,Protecting the export market share. 

　　经过10年来对世贸组织争端解决机制的积极参与，中国已经形成了一整套参与世贸组织争端解决案件机制，增强了对世贸组织争端解决机制的参与能力。并开始运用国际规则，对国内市场上以不公平贸易方式进口的产品采取贸易救济调查措施，维护国内产业安全。截至去年年底，中国累计发起反倾销调查203起、反补贴调查6起、保障措施1起。 

After 10 years of active participation in the wto dispute settlement mechanism,China has formed the one whole set to participate in the wto dispute settlement mechanism of case,Enhanced's ability to participate in the wto dispute settlement mechanism.And started to use international rules,On the domestic market to unfair trade import products trade remedy investigation measures,Maintaining domestic industry security.By the end of last year,China has launched anti-dumping investigations since 203/Six cases of countervailing investigation/Safeguard measures 1. 

　　相关链接 

A link to the 

　　当前在倡导贸易自由化的国际大背景下，中美两国都不遗余力地发展本国相关产业，美国业界深感我国各产业迅速崛起给其带来的巨大竞争压力。历史上美国的主要贸易伙伴，例如欧共体和日本，都深受过“合规性”贸易壁垒之苦，对此有切肤之痛。可以预见，美国如果滥用“合规性”贸易壁垒，是损害中美经贸关系的危险开端，其危险在于其单边性，这种单边性与现有的WTO的多边争端解决机制是相抵触的，同时其危险性还在于如果其他国家效仿美国，很可能会削弱中国产品竞争力。

The current international backdrop in promoting trade liberalization,Both countries spare no effort to develop domestic related industries,American industry was rapid rise of the industry in China brought the huge pressure of competition.History of America's main trading partners,Such as the European Union and Japan,Has been influenced by"compliance"Barriers to trade,Have a pain.Can foresee,The United States if abuse"compliance"Barriers to trade,The beginning danger is the damage to china-us economic and trade relations,The danger is that the unilateral,This kind of unilateral with existing multilateral dispute settlement mechanism of WTO is conflict,At the same time the danger is that if other countries follow suit in the United States,Is likely to weaken the competitiveness of Chinese products.