今天，中国已是全球最大的商品出口国，第二大的商品进口国，并成为全球最大贸易顺差国。不过，在解读中国外贸数据时，有两组数据特别耐人寻味。据海关统计，去年我国外贸顺差为1551亿美元，其中加工贸易项下的顺差为3656亿美元。换言之，除去加工贸易的顺差，中国的其他贸易形式（即一般贸易）是存在着大量的贸易逆差的！ 

today，China is already the world's largest goods exporter，The second largest commodity importers，And become the world's largest trade ShunChaGuo。but，In China's foreign trade data interpretation，There are two sets of data special afford for thought。According to customs statistics，Last year China's trade surplus for 155.1 billion dollars，The processing trade surplus of $365.6 billion。In other words，Remove processing trade surplus，China's other trade form（Namely general trade）Are there a lot of trade deficit！ 

　　第二组数据是美国哥伦比亚大学魏尚进教授和他的合作者研究的成果，他们发现我国加工贸易的国内附加值比率只有20%，远低于一般贸易90%的国内附加值。以在中国装配的iPod为例，进口值是200美元，对美的出口值是209美元。国内的附加值只有9元，占产成品价格5%不到。 

A second group of data is the Columbia University professor wei is into and his collaborators research results，They found that Chinese processing trade of domestic value-added rate is only 20%，Far below general trade 90% of domestic value-added。In China's assembly iPod, for example，But imports jumped is $200，Export of beauty is $209。The added value of domestic only 9 yuan，Less than 5% of manufactured goods price。 

　　把这两组数据放在一起，我们可以看到，中国的确存在大量的贸易顺差，而这常为主要贸易逆差国诟病。但是大量的贸易顺差是来自于加工贸易，而我国在加工贸易中的产品附加值却是极低的。事实上，如果我国在外贸的产品附加值方面没有得到提高，单纯的外贸总额的增长对我国经济的发展并没有本质的帮助。所以，提高加工贸易产成品的附加值，加快加工贸易转型升级无疑是我国现阶段“保出口，稳增长”的重中之重。 

The two sets of data together，We can see，China indeed there are a lot of trade surplus，And this often as the main trade deficit for countries。But a large number of trade surplus is from the processing trade，And our country in the processing trade of product added value is very low。In fact，If our country in foreign trade in value-added products fail to improve，Simple foreign trade growth of the total for the development of our national economy and no essential help。so，Improve the processing trade the added value of manufactured goods，To speed up the transformation and upgrading of processing trade is undoubtedly our country present stage“The export，Steady growth”The top priority of the。 

　　没有调查就没有发言权。要保证加工贸易转型升级的顺利进行，我们应首先了解什么样的企业会从事加工贸易。 

No investigation, no right to speak。To ensure the transformation and upgrading of processing trade smoothly，We should first of all know what kind of enterprise will engage in processing trade。 

　　通常地，我国的进口企业可以分为三类，只从事一般贸易的进口企业、只从事加工贸易的进口企业和两类都从事的混合型企业。我们的研究发现，只从事加工贸易的进口企业生产率最低，只从事一般贸易的进口企业生产率最高，而混合型企业则处于中间。 

normally，China's import enterprise can be divided into three categories，Only engaged in general trade import enterprise、Only engage in processing trade import enterprise and two classes in the mixed type of enterprise。Our study found，Only engage in processing trade import enterprise productivity minimum，Only engaged in general trade import enterprise highest productivity，And mixed type enterprise is in the middle。 

　　为什么会这样呢？一个原因是从事加工贸易的门槛比较低。低生产率的企业会自主选择做加工贸易，高生产率的企业则“只打大炮，不打苍蝇”——只从事一般贸易。这一观察事实上也符合我国宏观外贸数据的时间序列变化。我国的加工出口在80年代起步，但到了90年代中后期开始占据我国出口的“半壁江山”。不过在新世纪(11.89,0.00,0.00%)入世后比例有所下降，目前约为35%左右。这主要是因为企业的生产绩效上去了，而从事加工贸易的利润空间又较薄，因此高生产率的企业会“改旗易帜”，不再从事加工贸易。 

Why is this so？One reason is engaged in the threshold of the processing trade is low。Low productivity of the enterprises will choose to be independent of the processing trade，High production enterprise is“Only hit artillery，Don't play fly”- only engaged in general trade。This observation in fact also conforms to our country macroscopic foreign trade data time series change。China's export processing started in the 80 s，But in the 90 s began to occupy the export of our country“deodorants”。But in the new century(11.89,0.00,0.00%)After the entry into wto may decline as a share，At present about 35%。This is mainly because the enterprise production performance up，And engage in processing trade profit margins and thinner，So high production enterprise will“Change banner flag”，No longer engaged in processing trade。 

　　之所以企业会有这种自我选择的行为，与我国加工贸易的发展形势息息相关。在80年代，我国的加工贸易主要是来料加工为主，但90年代之后，则主要是以进料加工为主。目前来料加工约占进料加工的1/3左右。那么这两者到底有什么不同呢？ 

The enterprise will have this kind of self choice behavior，With the development of Chinese processing trade situation is closely linked。In the 80 s，China's processing trade is mainly processing is given priority to，But after 90 s，It is mainly feed processing is given priority to。At present processing accounts for about a third of processing imported materials。So the two what's different？ 

　　第一，海关对“来料加工”和“进料加工”两类加工课税完全不同，对来料加工贸易完全不收关税，既然不收，也就无从谈退税，所以是“不征不退”。但对进料加工，则是过关斩将，雁过拔毛。先征关税，加工完再出口，则给予退税，所谓“先征后退”。粗看起来，这两者没什么不同，但其中的“小九九”还是很令人寻味的：来料加工完全无税收负担，企业也无需付国外发包公司原料费，所以，准入门槛很低，绩效低的企业也可以做，是个空手套白狼的好案例。但进料加工对企业现金流有较高要求，或者说，企业面临着更多的信贷约束。所以只有绩效相对高的企业才可以跨过这一门槛。 

The first，The customs“processing”and“Feed processing”Two kinds of processing tax completely different，For processing trade completely don't accept tariff，Since don't accept，There was no way to talk about tax refund，So is“Don't sign is not refundable”。But to feed processing，Is conquer，YanGuoBaMao。Tariffs on first，After processing and export，Is a VAT refund，The so-called“Refund after collection”。Coarse looks，The two no different，But one of the“Career to think about”Is still a the ruminate：Processing completely without tax burden，Enterprise also need not pay foreign contract company raw material cost，so，Admittance threshold is very low，Performance low enterprise can also do，A empty set of the white Wolf good case。But feed processing enterprise cash flow to higher demand，or，Enterprises are faced with more credit constraints。So only performance relatively high enterprise can cross the threshold。 

　　其二，来料加工严格遵循“从哪里来，到哪里去”。加工企业不需要付来料成本费，企业赚的只是加工费，卖的就是国内廉价的劳动力。产品也多为劳力密集型，所以产品的附加值本来不高。进料加工贸易则不同。来源和去向可以不同。比如说，一家企业可以从日本SONY进口核心零部件，在国内组装加工，再出口到欧美。此外，企业还必须付原材料的成本。也正因此，企业就有了主动权去调整各种要素投入，从而最优化生产投入，最大化企业利润。 

The second，Processing strictly follows“Come from?，Where to go”。Processing enterprises don't have to pay for the incoming costs，Enterprise earn just processing charges，Sell is domestic cheap Labour。Products is also more for labor intensive，So the added value of products was not high。Feed processing trade is different。Source and destination can be different。For example，An enterprise can import from Japan SONY core parts，In the domestic assembly processing，To export to Europe and the United States。In addition，Enterprise must also pay the cost of raw materials。Are so，Enterprise have the initiative to adjust the various inputs，Thus optimization production input，Maximize profit of enterprise。 

　　这些不同，也就决定了这两类加工类型在我国发展不同时期的比例。在80年代，我国的加工贸易主要是以来料加工为主，但90年代之后，则主要是以进料加工为主。这主要是因为80年代我国大部分加工贸易企业刚刚起步，资金也相对贫乏，所以更愿意采用“来料加工”这种形式，虽然附加值低，利润也薄；但对企业要求也低，也不用承担任何销售风险。更为重要的是，为我国城乡居民提供了大量的就业机会。90年代因为企业资金相对丰厚，所以有能力从事附加值较高的“进料加工”。 

These different，Has also decided the these two types of processing type in our country the proportion of different periods。In the 80 s，China's processing trade is mainly processing is given priority to，But after 90 s，It is mainly feed processing is given priority to。This is mainly because the 80 s most of the processing trade enterprise in our country has just started，Capital is relatively poor，So more willing to use“processing”This form，Although the low added value，Profit also thin；But for enterprise requirement is also low，Also need not bear any sales risk。More important is，For urban and rural residents in China provides a large number of employment opportunities。In the 90 s because enterprise capital relatively rich，So has the capability of doing high added value“Feed processing”。 

　　所以，要想加工贸易成功地转型升级，多从事附加值较高的“进料加工”业务，前提是企业的生产率有所提高。提升企业生产率的方式很多，但最有效地莫过于增加企业的自主研发。我们利用了我国规模以上的企业样本，严格的实证研究表明，出口前企业的研发显著地促进企业的生产率，有助于企业加工贸易产成品附加值的提升。不过，因为企业的研发需要大量的“沉没成本”，而且还有明显的外部性，因此政府应对此进行大力的扶持。政府应投入相应的资金扶植一批有一定研发基础、绩效较好的加工企业。 

so，Want to processing trade transformation and upgrading of successfully，Much engaged in high added value“Feed processing”business，Premise is enterprise's productivity improvement。There are many ways to promote the enterprise productivity，But the most effective way to increase enterprise's independent research and development。We use the our country scale above samples of the enterprise，Strict empirical research shows that，Before export enterprise development significantly promote enterprise's productivity，Help enterprise processing trade finished product added value of ascension。but，Because enterprise development need a lot of“Sunk cost”，And there are obvious externality，Therefore, the government should to strong support。The government should input the corresponding funds cultivated a batch of have certain research and development base、Performance better processing enterprises。 

　　除此之外， 政府还能做什么呢？ 

In addition， The government what but also can make？ 

　　这就要求我们有必要考察哪些国家是我国的主要进料加工来源国？通过用海关海量数据计算，我们发现，主要的三大加工进口地是韩国、香港和日本。2010年从它们的加工进口各占14%以上。加在一起就接近我国加工总进口的一半。此外，我们也发现，中国在与东亚各国的贸易中，从东盟十国进口的产品主要是加工进口，而从印度进口的则为一般进口。这两个事实放在一起，就可以发现2010年签署的东盟10+1（中国）自由贸易区和目前正紧锣密鼓地酝酿着的中日韩自贸区的重要性：建立了自贸区之后，区内关税会全部取消，这必将大力地促进自贸区各国的区际加工贸易。 

This requires that we have the necessary investigation which countries is our country's primary feed processing source？By using the customs mass data calculation，We found，Three main processing import is South Korea、Hong Kong and Japan。2010 from their processing import all accounted for more than 14%。Together is close to half of the Chinese processing total imports。In addition，We also found that，China and east Asian countries in trade，From asean countries import products mainly processing import，And imported from India, general import。The two facts put together，Can find signed in 2010 10 asean + 1（China）Free trade area and is currently being ferment in the importance of Japan and South Korea free trade：After established free trade，All the tariff will be cancelled，This will greatly promote free trade countries interregional processing trade。 

　　中日韩自贸区建立的好处还在于它的间接“溢出效应”。这体现在两方面：第一是就业的提升，第二则是加工贸易企业可间接从中日韩的进口品中学到先进的技术。要说明这一点，有必要看看我国加工贸易的主要产品是什么。因为我国劳动力丰富，劳工成本相对便宜，也许一般人会认为是服装纺织业。但事实上，最主要从事加工贸易的三大行业是：电子机械和交通运输设备、机器和机械装备，以及光学照相设备。简单说，它们都是资本密集型行业。不过，这并不说明基(微博)于我国劳动力丰富这一要素禀赋特征表明我国加工贸易的现状。事实上，之所以加工贸易的三大行业是资本密集型，主要是因为它们都是来自日本和韩国。而之所以选择在中国加工，就是因为中国的劳动力成本相对于日韩有明显的比较优势！而当加工企业利用这些半成品与本国零部件合成再加工生产时，技术的外溢就很有可能实现。 

Japan and South Korea in the benefits of a free also lies in its indirect“Spillover effect”。It embodied in two aspects：The first is the ascension of the employment，The second is a processing trade enterprise can indirectly from the middle school to Japan and South Korea imports advanced technology。To illustrate this point，It is necessary to look at Chinese processing trade main products are??????。Because our country labor force rich，Labor cost is relatively cheap，Perhaps people will think is clothing textiles。But in fact，The most is mainly engaged in processing trade industry is three：Electronic machinery and transport equipment、Machinery and mechanical equipment，And optical photographic equipment。Simply said，They are all capital intensive industry。but，This is not said benq(Micro bo)In our country labor force rich the factor endowment characteristics show that the present situation of Chinese processing trade。In fact，The reason of the three processing trade industry is the capital intensive，Mainly because they are all from Japan and South Korea。And chose processing in China，It is because the Chinese labor cost compared with Japan and South Korea have obvious comparative advantage！And when processing enterprises use the semi-finished product and its components synthesis and processing production，Technology spillover is very possible。 

　　第三，政府应继续采取积极政策引进外资。我们的研究表明，58%的加工企业是外资企业（包括港澳台企业），接下去是合资企业，最后才是国有企业。而大量的研究表明，外资企业带来的不仅是资金，还会有较先进的技术，这都有助于加工企业附加值的提升。 

The third，The government should continue to adopt positive policy introduction of foreign investment。Our research shows that，58% of the processing enterprises is the foreign capital enterprise（Including Hong Kong, macau, Taiwan enterprise），What follows is a joint venture enterprise，The last is the state-owned enterprise。While a number of studies have suggested that，The foreign capital enterprise brings not only money，Also will have a more advanced technology，This can help to improve the value of processing enterprises。 

　　总之，要实现加工贸易转型升级，需要企业和政府一起努力，企业应多练内功，通过增大研发投入，借鉴高精尖中间品技术，提高生产率。而政府则应大力扶植一批有一定研发基础、绩效较好的，符合我国产业升级方向的加工企业，同时继续大力引进外资，努力推动中日韩自贸区，夯实东盟10+1自贸区。 

In a word，To realize the transformation and upgrading of processing trade，Need to enterprises and the government working together，Enterprises should practice more internal work，Through the increasing r&d investment，Reference ZhongJianPin advanced technology，Increase productivity。And the government should vigorously foster a batch of have certain research and development base、Performance better，Conforms to our country industrial upgrading direction processing enterprise，At the same time continue to attract more foreign capital，Efforts to promote the China, Japan and South Korea free trade，Punning 10 asean + 1 free trade。 

　　作者系北京大学国家发展研究院副教授

The author is Beijing university institute of national development associate professor