在成本上升、竞争加剧、外需下降的多重挤压下，曾为经济发展立下汗马功劳的加工贸易，站在了提档升级的十字路口。

The rise in the cost of the、competition、Now the multiple pressure drop，Had made for the economic development HanMaGongLao processing trade，Standing in the lift the crossroads of upgrade file。

　　近年来，加工贸易面临着经营成本上升、环境资源压力加大、国际竞争日趋激烈等多重压力。记者日前赴广东东莞、江西赣州、四川成都等地进行调研，看到加工贸易正呈现出转型升级加快、梯度转移加速的良好发展势头。

In recent years，Processing trade facing operating costs rise、Environmental resources pressure increase、International competition become fiercer multiple pressure。The reporter has to guangdong dongguan、Jiangxi ganzhou、Chengdu in sichuan province for research，See processing trade is present a transformation and upgrade to speed up、Gradient shift accelerated good momentum of development。

转型，迈向产业链高端 transformation，Towards the high-end industry chain

　　加工贸易转型升级呈现产业链向上下游延伸、生产模式和产品结构不断优化、经营主体由单一向多元转变等新特点。

The upgrading of the processing trade show up downstream industry chain extension、Production mode and the products constantly optimize the structure、By a single operating subject to multiple standards and other new features。

　　记者在加工贸易第一大省广东看到，当地大量加工贸易企业不断延伸产业链，实现从“生产车间”到“企业总部”的形态转变。位于东莞市厚街镇的创科集团东莞创机电业制品有限公司成立于1985年，曾长期为世界知名品牌“贴牌”。随着企业管理能力和科技实力提升，创机电业开始反向收购给自己下订单的客户。近年来，创科平均每年收购一家欧美企业或品牌，由原来的贴牌企业(OEM)转型为设计生产商(ODM)和品牌生产商(OBM)，目前已是全球第二大电动工具制造商，拥有8个知名欧美品牌。

Reporter in processing trade first big province of guangdong to see，A local processing trade enterprise continues to expand industrial chain，Realize from“Production workshop”to“Enterprise headquarters”Morphology change of。In dongguan houjie town, dongguan and the "group JiDianYe products Co., LTD. Was established in 1985，Had long for the world famous brand“Stick a card”。Along with the enterprise management ability and scientific and technological strength ascension，Gen JiDianYe began to reverse acquisition order to their clients。In recent years，Chuangke each year on average the purchase of a Europe and the enterprise or brand，By original stick a card enterprise(OEM)Transition design producers(ODM)And brand manufacturers(OBM)，At present already is the world's second largest electric tool manufacturers，Had eight famous and euramerican brands。

　　不过与创科相比，当地大批加工贸易企业还处于转型爬坡阶段。在“牛仔裤之乡”广州增城，记者见到了广英服装有限公司(VIGOSS)总经理吴毅雄。在他的设计室里，来自意大利等国家的设计师正在与中国员工进行讨论。“过去我们做贴牌，赚取的加工费很低。现在自己做品牌，虽然投入很大，目前还没产生效益，但这条路一定要走。”吴毅雄指着设计室的样品对记者说。

But compared with and families，A large number of local processing trade enterprise is still in the stage of transformation climbing。in“Jeans township of”Guangzhou zengcheng，The reporter saw the wide the garments Co., LTD(VIGOSS)The general manager WuYiXiong。In his design，From Italy and other countries the designer is working with Chinese employees are discussed。“In the past we do stick a card，Make the processing is very low。Now own brand，Although investment is very big，At present does not produce benefits，But the road must go。”WuYiXiong pointed to the sample of the design of the reporters。

　　“产业层次的提升实际是加工方式的转变。”商务部产业司副司长支陆逊介绍说。近年来，以广东、江苏等加工贸易大省为代表，我国加工贸易转型升级呈现新的特点：一是产业链向上下游延伸，从过去的简单加工向深加工配套深化。按照单位出口拉动计算，加工贸易国内配套、增值率从2000年的32.7%提高到2011年的43.8%。二是生产模式进一步优化，由单纯的代加工向代设计、代加工一体化和培育自主品牌转换。珠三角地区加工贸易企业ODM和OBM混合生产出口比例达到40%。三是产品结构日益优化，从劳动密集型为主向劳动密集和技术、资金密集型并重转变，以电子信息、精密机械、生物医药、新能源、新材料等为代表的高新技术制造业成为加工贸易主导产业。同时，劳动密集型产品出口效益提高。四是经营主体由单一向多元转变，民营企业发展更为迅速。今年前5个月民营企业加工贸易进出口615亿美元，同比增长21.9%，高出全国加工贸易进出口17.5个百分点，在全国加工贸易中的比重也上升到11.6%。

“Industry level of ascension is actually change the way of processing。”The ministry of commerce industry company with chief of LiuXun introduced said。In recent years，In guangdong、Jiangsu province for processing trade representative，Our country the upgrading of the processing trade show new characteristics：One is the industry chain up downstream extensions，From the past simple processing of form a complete set to deepen further processing。According to the unit exports calculation，Processing trade domestic products、Increment rate from 2000 to 32.7% in 2011。2 it is further optimize production mode，By the simple generation to generation processing design、The generation process integration and cultivate the independent brand conversion。The pearl river delta region processing trade enterprise ODM and OBM mixed production export proportion reached 40%。Three is the product structure is optimized，From the labor denseness to labor intensive and technology、Capital-intensive industries pay equal attention to change，In electronic、Precision machinery、Biological medicine、The new energy、New materials, as a representative of the high-tech manufacturing become processing trade leading industry。At the same time，Labor-intensive products export efficiency was improved。Four is by a single operating subject to multiple standards，The development of private enterprise more quickly。The first five months of this year the private enterprise processing trade import and export $61.5 billion，Year-on-year growth of 21.9%，Higher than the national import and export processing trade 17.5%，In the processing trade and the proportion of up to 11.6%。

转移，开辟中西部更大空间 transfer，Open up the Midwest more large space

　　加工贸易对中西部而言，在产业带动、惠及民生等方面发挥了重要作用，呈现出产业转移以增量为主、“抱团转移”趋势明显、经营模式有所转变等特点。

Processing trade to the mid-west speaking，Leading industry in、Benefiting the people's livelihood has played an important role，Presents the industrial transfer to incremental primarily、“BaoTuan transfer”Trend obviously、Business model change etc. Characteristics。

　　过去加工贸易工厂多在东部沿海城市，由此导致我国劳动力从中西部向东部转移。如今随着人力、土地成本提高，加工贸易企业向中西部地区转移，出现“企业追着工人跑”的趋势。

The past processing trade in the eastern coastal cities more than factory，From the resulting from the east to our country's labor transfer。And now, with human、Land cost increase，Processing trade enterprise to the central and western regions，appear“Enterprise after workers run”trend。

　　在江西省赣州市，记者见到了返乡投资创业的张华荣。这个土生土长的赣州人上世纪90年代南下广东打工，在东莞开办了一家女鞋加工贸易企业。看到沿海招工越来越难，张华荣决定在保留东莞工厂的同时，回赣州办一家女鞋加工厂。“在家门口办厂，工人可以离土不离乡，生产成本也降低不少。”张华荣说。

Ganzhou city in jiangxi province，The reporter saw the exodus of investment and business ZhangHuaRong。The native of ganzhou people in the 1990 s south guangdong jobs，In the dongguan opened a women's shoes processing trade enterprise。See coastal hire more and more difficult，ZhangHuaRong decided to keep the dongguan factories at the same time，Back to ganzhou do a women's shoes factory。“Set up factories in the home，Workers can leave the land without leaving the home，The production cost and reduce the many。”ZhangHuaRong said。

　　不少外资加工贸易企业也开始向中西部转移。2003年从上海浦东搬迁过来的英特尔成都工厂已经成为英特尔全球最大的芯片封装测试中心之一。随着产能提升，成都工厂规模将扩大到3500人。英特尔成都工厂有关负责人告诉记者，“西进成都”是其全球供应链优化的结果。成都有独特地域优势、出色的教育体系、便利的交通条件和大量成熟的员工，还拥有广阔的市场腹地。英特尔落户成都后，产生了巨大的辐射效应，吸引众多国际高科技企业前来投资，推动了成都高科技产业集群的形成。

Many foreign processing trade enterprise also began to move beyond the transfer of the Midwest。2003 from Shanghai pudong move over Intel chengdu factory has become Intel, the world's largest chip encapsulation testing centers。Along with the ramp-up，The scale of chengdu will expand to 3500 people。Intel chengdu factory about chief told reporters，“West chengdu”Is the global supply chain optimization results。Chengdu have unique regional advantage、Excellent education system、Of the convenient traffic conditions and a large amount of mature employees，Also has broad market hinterland。Intel after in chengdu，Produced a great radiation effect，Many international high-tech enterprise to attract investment，Promote the chengdu high-tech industry cluster formation。

　　“加工贸易对中西部而言，在产业带动、解决就业、惠及民生等方面发挥了重要作用。”四川省商务厅有关负责人表示。

“Processing trade to the mid-west speaking，Leading industry in、Solving the employment、Benefiting the people's livelihood has played an important role。”Sichuan commercial hall about chief said。

　　数据显示，近年来，加工贸易梯度转移趋势明显。2011年中西部地区加工贸易进出口823亿美元，增长78.4%，高出全国加工贸易进出口增速65.7个百分点，在全国加工贸易中的比重提高到6.3%。重庆、四川、河南、宁夏等地加工贸易出口实现成倍增长。今年前4个月中西部地区加工贸易进出口同比增长77.3%。

Data shows，In recent years，Processing trade gradient transfer trend is obvious。In 2011 the Midwest processing trade import and export $82.3 billion，78.4% increase，Higher than the national import and export processing trade growth of 65.7%，In the country the proportion of the processing trade increased from 6.3% to。chongqing、sichuan、henan、Ningxia, export processing trade realize increase exponentially。Before this year 4 months in the Midwest import and export processing trade a year-on-year increase of 77.3%。

　　商务部产业司加工贸易处处长成文华介绍说，加工贸易产业转移呈现几个鲜明特点：一是IT产业开始大规模转移。笔记本电脑四大主要代工企业已将部分产能由上海、江苏等地转入重庆和成都。二是产业转移以增量为主。在维持原有企业生产和订单的同时，跨国公司向中西部转移的主要是新的产能和新产品。三是“抱团转移”趋势明显。从龙头企业的“带头转移”到同类企业的“抱团转移”，形成“龙头”带“配套”，“配套”引“龙头”，部分地区的产业集群开始形成。四是经营模式有所转变。转移到中西部地区的加工贸易企业利用两个市场、两种资源，加大内销比例，提高了转移的综合效益。五是随着转移企业增加，中西部农民工实现了本地就业，降低了生活成本，减少了人员流动，促进了家庭与社会和谐。

The ministry of commerce of the processing trade industry department grow everywhere mandarin introduced said，Processing trade industry transfer has several distinct characteristics：A is IT industry started mass transfer。Notebook computer four major generation GongQi has part of the capacity of Shanghai、Jiangsu into chongqing and chengdu。2 it is industrial transfer to incremental primarily。In maintaining the original enterprise production and order at the same time，Multinational company to transfer the Midwest is the main new productivity and new products。Three is“BaoTuan transfer”Trend obviously。From leading enterprise“Lead the transfer”Similar to the enterprise“BaoTuan transfer”，form“leading”take“supporting”，“supporting”lead“leading”，In some parts of the industry cluster has started to form。Four is the business model change。Transfer to the Midwest region of processing trade of enterprise use two markets、Two kinds of resources，Increase the proportion of domestic，Improve the comprehensive benefit of the transfer。Five is as transfer enterprise increase，The Midwest migrant workers realized the local jobs，Reduce the cost of living，Reduced the flow of personnel，Promote the family and social harmony。

　　加工贸易企业目前在产业升级和梯度转移中也面临一些发展的烦恼，如人工成本上升后，中西部也面临招工难的问题。有关专家表示，加工贸易符合我国国情，仍将是我国利用国际国内两个市场两种资源、增加就业岗位、提高产业发展水平、增强企业国际竞争力的重要方式。但随着生产成本上升和环境承载能力制约，加快加工贸易转型升级势在必行。同时，越南、印度等其他发展中国家利用其低廉的生产成本和更优惠的政策等有利因素，吸引外资在当地设加工厂。在国际产业转移的新阶段，促进东部沿海地区部分产业和部分加工环节加快向中西部地区转移十分迫切。

Processing trade enterprise at present in industrial upgrading and gradient transfer also meets with some development of trouble，Such as artificial cost after rising，The Midwest face to hire the difficult question。Experts said，Processing trade to China's national conditions，Still will be the country's use of both international and domestic market of two resources、Increase jobs、Improve the industry development level、Increase the competition of enterprise important ways。But with the rise in the cost of production and environmental bearing capacity constraints，To speed up the upgrading of the processing trade is imperative。At the same time，Vietnam、India and other developing nations to use their low cost of production and more favorable policies favorable factors，Attract foreign investment in a local factory。In the new stage of international industrial transfer，Promote the eastern coastal area part of the industry and parts of the processing link to speed up to the central and western regions is very urgent。

　　作者：李予阳

The author：Pluripotent cells from mouse Yang