对外贸易结构失衡服务贸易连续逆差

The structure of foreign trade imbalances service trade continuous deficit

　　改革开放三十年，由于货物贸易的巨大发展，我国创造了巨额的贸易顺差，同时也积累了庞大的外汇储备。2011年，我国国际收支经常项目顺差达2017亿美元，资本与金融项目顺差达2211亿美元。货物贸易的快速发展，极大地提升了我国的贸易地位，也使我国经济实力大为增长。然而，与货物贸易相比，服务贸易的发展却不尽如人意，中国加入世贸组织近十年来，服务贸易一直处于逆差状态，且有逐年扩大的趋势，2011年服务贸易逆差达到240亿美元。全球经济再平衡，首先提醒中国要加快转变经济发展方式，促进服务贸易发展，助推对外贸易结构再平衡。作为服务贸易重要组成部分的旅游服务贸易，从2009年首次出现逆差开始，已连续三年保持逆差，2010年及2011年旅游服务贸易逆差分别达到91亿美元和240亿美元。由此可以看出，旅游服务贸易的逆差是服务贸易逆差的重要组成部分，要优化当前的贸易结构，促进贸易再平衡，需要在旅游服务贸易上做文章。

Reform and opening up 30 years,Due to the great development of trade in goods,China created the huge trade surplus,At the same time also accumulated a huge foreign exchange reserves.In 2011,,China's international balance of payments current-account surplus of $201.7 billion,Capital and financial account surplus of $221.1 billion.The rapid development of trade in goods,Greatly improve the country's trade position,Also make China's economic strength increase greatly.however,Compared with trade in goods,The development of service trade is not satisfactory,China's accession to the world trade organization (wto) in the past ten years,Service trade has been in a state of balance,And the trend of widening year by year,2011 service trade deficit of $24 billion.The global economy to balance,First of all remind China to speed up the transformation of the mode of economic development,To promote the development of trade in services,Boost foreign trade structure and balance.As a service trade is an important part of tourism service trade,For the first time since 2009 in deficit began,Have had three successive years of keep deficit,In 2010 and 2011, the tourism service trade deficit reached $9.1 billion and $24 billion.We can see that,Tourism service trade deficit is services trade deficit is an important part,To optimize the current trade structure,Promote the trade balance again,Need in the tourism service trade fuss.

　　服务产业基础薄弱旅游服务业潜力巨大

Service industry foundation weak tourism service industry potential is tremendous

　　全球经济再平衡进程不断加快，要求我们必须尽快意识到，中国经济发展到今天，主要的短板就在于服务业及服务贸易的发展严重滞后。服务贸易发展滞后的主要原因是国内服务业基础过于薄弱。服务业是服务贸易可持续发展的基础和保证。正所谓“厚积才能薄发”，基础不牢，终将难有大的发展。目前，我国的产业结构仍然是制造业为主的第二产业，而第三产业即服务业的发展严重滞后于第二产业。服务业的落后，尤其是现代服务业的薄弱日益成为制约我国转变经济发展方式，迈向服务型经济的短板。应该看到，我国没有完成“十一五”规划当中关于“服务业增加值占GDP比重在2010年达到43.3%”的目标，在2010年这个数据是43%，离目标值还相差0.3个百分点。同时，“十一五”规划还要求，到2010年底“服务业就业人员占全社会就业人员比重提高4个百分点”，这意味着服务业就业比重应该达到35.4%。然而，截止2010年底，服务业就业比重仅为34.6%，说明我国也没有完成这个目标。可以看出，虽然我国服务业取得了一定的发展，但是在规模、结构和质量等方面，与发达国家和很多发展中国家相比还有一定差距，服务业发展之路任重道远。

The global economy to balance process continues to accelerate,We must realize requirements as soon as possible,China's economic development today,The main weakness lies in service industry and service trade development the serious lag.Service trade development lag is the main reason of the domestic services foundation too weak.Service industry is the base for the sustainable development of trade in services and guarantee.so-called"Well-grounded can thin hair",Not firm foundation,Will be difficult to have big development.At present,The industrial structure of our country is still mainly manufacturing industry of secondary industry,And the third industry is the development of service industry of the serious lag in the second industry.Services behind,Especially the modern service industry is increasingly becoming the weak to restrict China's transformation of the mode of economic development,Towards a service economy short board.Should see,Our country has no complete"11th five-year plan"Plan of about"Service sector accounted for the proportion of GDP in 2010 reached 43.3%"goal,In 2010 the data is 43%,From the target value is within 0.3%.At the same time,"11th five-year plan"Planning also requires,By the end of 2010"Employment services for the whole society to improve employment proportion of 4%",This means that the proportion of employment services should be reached 35.4%.however,By the end of 2010,Service industry employment proportion is only 34.6%,It is illustrated that China also failed to complete the goal.Can see,Although our country's service industry achieved a certain amount of development,But the scale of the/Structure and quality, etc,With the developed countries and many developing countries have a certain gap,Service industry development road shoulder heavy responsibilities.

　　金融危机过后，世界经济再平衡浪潮席卷全球。中国是贸易大国，其自身的贸易结构及贸易平衡直接影响着全球贸易格局，因此，中国贸易再平衡是全球贸易再平衡的关键。同时，伴随着全球服务贸易的快速发展，旅游业因其关联度大、带动性强、乘数效应明显等特点，在服务贸易领域中占据举足轻重的地位。我国旅游服务贸易已经成为我国创汇的重要渠道和对外开放的重要窗口，可以说旅游服务贸易发展潜力巨大，必将在服务贸易的发展及贸易结构再平衡的过程中发挥关键作用。

After the financial crisis,The world economy rebalance wave sweeping the globe.China is a trade power,Its own trade structure and trade balance a direct impact on the global trade pattern,therefore,China's trade and balance is the key to global trade balance again.At the same time,With the rapid development of global trade in services,Tourism industry because of its large correlation/DaiDongXing strong/Multiplier effect obvious characteristics,In the field of trade in services occupy the important status.Our country tourism service trade has become an important channel of foreign exchange earning of our country and foreign open an important window,We can say that tourism service trade development potential is tremendous,Will in the development of service trade and trade structure and balance of the plays a key role in the process.

　　全球贸易再平衡取决中国对外经济再平衡

Global trade balance again depends on China's foreign economic balance again

　　中国要接过再平衡的接力棒，积极助推全球贸易再平衡，这警醒中国经济发展方式需要转变，对外贸易发展模式需要改革。前文讲到，中国贸易再平衡关键看服务贸易的发展，而服务贸易的发展又直接取决于国内服务业能否提供强大的产业基础保障。目前，虽然我国服务业发展滞后，但这也说明服务业的发展存在很大的上升空间，对于旅游业更是如此。正如Larry·Dwyer教授所说，中国旅游自然资源富足程度在世界能排到第5位，人文资源能排到第16位，中国拥有丰富的少数民族文化资源，应该说中国旅游业自身的竞争力本应该很强，但是，与旅游相关的配套设施建设方面，中国却远远落后于世界各国，比如在旅游服务游客满意度方面中国只排名世界第124位，旅游环境的可持续性仅排名世界第80位，医疗服务只能排到第96位，旅游基础设施建设仅排名第95位，航运服务稍好些，排名世界第35位，旅游服务业发展政策仅排名世界第80位。另外，中国的酒店及ATM机的数量也与世界其他国家有着巨大的差距。可以看到，制约中国旅游服务贸易发展的因素不是旅游资源不够丰富，也不是民族文化资源不够多样，而是旅游产业的发展欠佳、产业基础设施建设迟缓、旅游业发展扶持政策执行效果不佳等原因。总的来说，就是服务业的基础太过薄弱，从而致使旅游服务贸易，甚至整个服务贸易的发展滞后于货物贸易。

China will again took the balance of the baton,Positive boost global trade balance again,This watch China's economic development mode need to change,The development of foreign trade model needs to reform.Already talked about,China's trade balance again depends on the development of service trade,And the development of service trade and direct depends on the domestic services can provide a powerful industrial base security.At present,Although the development of China's service industries lag,But it also shows the development of the service industry have a lot of room to rise,Especially for tourism.As Larry · Dwyer professor said,China's tourism natural resources of rich in the world can arrange to the fifth,Human resources can arrange to 16,China has rich minority culture resources,It should be said that China's tourism competitive should have very strong,but,And tourism related facilities construction,China is far behind all over the world,For example, in tourism services tourist satisfaction aspect of China only 124th in the world,Tourism environment sustainability only 80th in the world,The medical service can row to 96th,Tourism infrastructure ranking only,Shipping services slightly better,Ranked 35th,Tourism service industry development policy only 80th in the world.In addition,China's hotel and the number of ATM machine with the rest of the world has a huge gap.Can see,Restrict China's tourism service trade development factors not tourism resources is not abundant enough,Also not the national cultural resources is not enough variety,But the development of the tourism industry the poor/Industry infrastructure construction delay/Tourism development of support policy execution the effect not beautiful wait for a reason.In general,Is the foundation of service industry is too weak,Thus the tourism service trade,Even the entire service trade development lag in trade in goods.

　　尽管存在不足，但目前我国还是初步形成了以国际旅游为主导、国内旅游为基础、出境旅游为补充的发展格局，成为世界第五大客源目的地，在国际旅游市场上排名第六。因此，在未来更为激烈的国际竞争格局中，我国旅游服务贸易必须努力寻找途径，借助我国丰富的旅游资源和巨大的市场空间，促进旅游服务贸易的加速发展，并进一步推动我国服务贸易的可持续发展。

Despite the lack of,But at present our country still initially formed to international tourism as the leading factor/Based on domestic tourism/Outbound tourism for supplementary development pattern,To become the world's fifth largest tourist destination,In the sixth international tourism market.therefore,In the future more fierce international competition pattern,Our country tourism service trade must try to search for ways,With the aid of our country rich tourism resources and huge market space,Promote the tourism service trade accelerated development,And further promote the sustainable development of our country's service trade.

　　发达国家经验启示旅游服务贸易大有可为

Enlightenment experiences of developed countries, tourism service trade have a brilliant future

　　当今，旅游早已不是“白天进庙，晚上睡觉”的时代了。旅游业及旅游服务贸易的发展直接作用于宏观经济，而宏观经济的变化也反作用于旅游的发展。可以说，旅游不仅仅与个人相关，也与整个宏观经济相关，在开放经济时代，旅游更是影响全球经济的重要一环。近年来，旅游服务贸易逐渐成为我国创汇的重要渠道，日益成为我国向世界展示发展成果的途径。通过旅游，不仅仅流通了游客，更为重要的是向世界传输了中国的文化。旅游服务贸易同时发挥着经济、政治、外交、文化等多方面的作用，在全球经济再平衡的今天，旅游服务是解决再平衡问题的“切入点”。近年来，我国旅游服务贸易取得了长足的发展，截止2010年，旅游服务贸易进出口总额突破1000亿美元大关，排名世界前列，并超越日本成为亚洲第一客源输出国。然而，我国服务业和服务贸易的发展与世界发达国家仍有不小差距，我们应该向世界发达国家学习促进服务业发展的优良经验，学以致用，举一反三，促进我国自身服务业的发展。例如，澳大利亚的“圆桌会议”就很好地整合了服务业的资源和信息，“小政府、大社会”的结构，使得政府能够专注于秩序、管理和规划，令市场更有效地发挥资源优化配置的作用，这种体制设计很好地促进了澳大利亚服务业的快速发展。值得注意的是，澳大利亚服务贸易一个突出的特点就是教育服务，由于教育服务的良好发展，澳大利亚每年都吸引了大量的外国留学生到澳大利亚接受教育，这其中包括许多中国学生。教育服务贸易的一个副产品就是“教育游”，学生不仅仅来接受学校教育，更有游览澳大利亚风土人情的旅游需求。因此，教育服务的发展使得澳大利亚服务贸易取得了“一箭双雕”的良好效果。

the,Tourism had not"BaiTianJin temple,Go to sleep at night"era.Tourism and tourism service trade development direct role in macro economy,And the macro economic change also reaction in tourism development.Can say,Travel not only related with the individual,Also with the whole macro economic and related,In the open economy era,Tourism but also influence the global economy is important one annulus.In recent years,Tourism service trade has become an important channel of foreign exchange earning of our country,Increasingly become our country to show the world the achievements of development way.Through the tourism,Not only the circulation tourists,More important is to the world of Chinese cultural transmission.Tourism service trade at the same time play an economy/political/diplomatic/The role of culture and other aspects,In the global economy balance again today,Tourism service is to solve the problem of balance"point".In recent years,Our country tourism service trade has made great strides in development,By the year 2010,Tourism service trade import and export volume has hit over 100 billion us dollars mark,Ranked in the forefront of the,And transcend the Japanese to become Asia's first tourist exporter.however,China's service industries and the development of service trade and the world developed countries still is not a small gap,We should learn to the world developed countries to promote the development of the good experience,application,extrapolate,To promote the development of China's service industry.For example,Australia's"roundtable"Very good integration services resources and information,"Small government/Great society"structure,Make the government can focus on order/Management and planning,Make the market more effectively play the role of resource allocation optimization,The system design is very good promoted the rapid development of service industry in Australia.It is important to note that,Australia's trade in service is a prominent feature of education service,Due to the good development of education service,Australia each year, attracted a large number of foreign students to Australia to accept education,These include many Chinese students.Education service trade is a by-product"Education swim",Students not only to accept the school education,More to visit Australia local conditions and customs of travel demand.therefore,The development of education service trade in services that Australia has made"Kill two birds with one stone"Good results.

　　另外，韩国在服务贸易，尤其是旅游服务贸易方面也同样取得了不错的成绩。韩国国内的整容医疗行业在世界都享有美誉，每年全世界有大量的“爱美人士”向韩国汇集，形成了所谓的“美容游”、“医疗游”，这给韩国不仅带来了丰厚的外汇收入，也使得韩国旅游服务贸易快速发展，形成良性循环。韩国另外一个在世界闻名的标签就是“韩剧”，其观众分布于世界各个国家，观众数量十分庞大。众所周知，电影、音像是服务贸易的重要组成部分，因此，“韩剧”的流行与传播一方面向世界传输了韩国的文化，形成了文化出口，做到了旅游与文化相结合，另一方面也极大地带动了游客前往韩国游览的兴趣，并带来了丰厚的旅游收入。总结起来，韩国的“美容游”、“韩剧游”是服务贸易特别是文化服务贸易、旅游服务贸易发展的成功典范，中国应该向韩国学习注重文化软实力的提升，进一步带动服务贸易向高级化发展。

In addition,South Korea in the service trade,Especially the tourism trade in services, also has made the good progress.South Korea domestic cosmetic medical industry in the world is reputation,There are a large number of every year all over the world"Personage love"Collection to South Korea,Form the so-called"Beauty swim"/"Medical swim",This not only to South Korea brought rich foreign exchange income,Also makes South Korea tourism service trade rapid development,Benign cycle.South Korea another in the world famous label is"Korean dramas",The distribution of the audience in the world each country,The audience quantity is very large.As is known to all,The movie/Audio and video is an important part of service trade,therefore,"Korean dramas"The fashion and spread to the world, on the one hand, the south Korean culture transmission,Form the cultural exports,Do the combination of tourism and culture,On the other hand also greatly promote the tourist to visit Korea interest,And bring the rich tourism revenue.Summarize up,South Korea"Beauty swim"/"Korean dramas swim"Is the service trade, especially cultural service trade/Tourism service trade development successful model,China should learn to South Korea to pay attention to culture the promotion of soft power,To further promote the development of trade in service to grade.

　　中国的反思与展望服务贸易堪当大任

China's reflection and the prospect of service trade me when citizens

　　相比于澳大利亚的教育服务和韩国的旅游服务所取得的成绩，中国应该做一下反思——为什么中国出不了迪斯尼乐园？为什么中国电影在世界上传播如此之困难？为什么中国的文化总是不被认同？问题的根源就在于思想还未转变，经济贸易还未转型成功。中国经济经过三十多年的发展，取得了惊人的成就，GDP总量不断攀升，贸易顺差不断扩大，外汇储备不断膨胀，但是随之而来的却是环境不断恶化，人均GDP增长缓慢，产业结构老套，产品升级困难等等一系列问题。全球经济危机在给西方世界敲响警钟的同时，也给中国带来了经济再平衡的课题。美国人如今大谈全球经济再平衡，但他们从来不谈服务贸易再平衡，这主要是因为美国在服务贸易上保持着顺差，在服务贸易这个领域保持着强势地位。当前，我国经济的可持续性表面看来似乎很强大，但我们在能源、资源、创新和服务这四个领域都是短板，相反，美国虽然经过金融危机的打击，国内经济不景气，而且失业率增高，但是，美国在金融、军事、人才和互联网上是全球第一。因此，为了保证我国内外经济的可持续发展，结构调整在所难免，而调整的突破口就在发展服务贸易带动对外经济再平衡，以服务贸易发展带动货物贸易升级，做到服务贸易与货物贸易并重，加速形成服务贸易与货物贸易良性互动的新型贸易格局，抢占对外贸易发展中的战略制高点。同时，以服务贸易的发展拉动国内服务业的发展，进而促进国内产业结构的优化调整，实现内外经济均衡发展，平衡互动。只有这样，才能完成经济、贸易再平衡的艰巨任务。总之，全球经济再平衡，服务贸易堪当大任，旅游服务可作为主要的切入点，同时也是重要的抓手。

Compared to Australia's education service and South Korea the achievements of tourism services,China should do a reflection - why China out of the Disneyland?Why Chinese films in the world spread so difficult?Why are China's culture is always not be identified?The root of the problem is that thought is not change,Economic and trade are not successful transformation.China's economy after 30 years of development,Have made amazing achievements,Increasing GDP,With expanded trade surplus,Foreign exchange reserve continuous expansion,But the attendant is worsening environment,The per capita GDP growth is slow,Industrial structure stereotype,Product upgrade difficult and so on a series of problems.The global economic crisis in the western world alarming at the same time,Also bring to China economic rebalance topic.Americans now talk about the global economy and balance,But they never talk about service trade balance again,This is mainly because the United States in the service trade, remain the surplus,In the service trade this field maintained a strong position.The current,China's economic sustainability surface seems to be very strong,But we in energy/resources/Innovation and service the four areas are short plate,instead,Though the United States after the financial crisis,The domestic economic downturn,And unemployment high,but,The United States in the financial/military/Talents and the Internet is the world's first.therefore,In order to guarantee the sustainable development of the economy of the our country inside and outside,Structural adjustment is unavoidable,And adjust the breakthrough in the development of service trade drive foreign economic balance again,Service trade development promote trade in goods to upgrade,Do service trade and trade in goods pay equal attention to,Accelerating formation of service trade and trade in goods benign interaction of new trade pattern,Take the development of foreign trade in the strategy of commanding heights.At the same time,With the development of service trade pull the development of domestic service industry,And promote domestic the optimization of the industrial structure adjustment,Achieve internal and external economic equilibrium development,Balance interaction.Only in this way,To complete economic/The balance of trade to difficult task.In a word,The global economy to balance,Service trade me when citizens,Tourism services can be used as the main point,At the same time is also important gripper.