美国针对中国的贸易保护主义正在抬头，仅在过去一周内，美就以“双反”调查和“国家安全”调查为由打压正在美国市场逐渐风声水起的中国光伏产业和通讯产业。这不仅给在美的中国企业一记重击，而且给希望进入美国市场的中国企业设置了重重障碍。

The United States to China's trade protectionism are looked up,Only in the past week,The United States is to"Double reverse"Investigation and"National security"Investigation on the press, currently in the United States market gradually wind water on China pv industry and communication industry.This is not only in the beauty of Chinese enterprise plonk,And hope to enter the American market of Chinese enterprise set up obstacles.

　　“双反”指的是“反倾销、反补贴”，是符合世贸组织规定的贸易救济措施。根据其定义，倾销的关键在于掠夺性定价，即某产品以蚀本价进入另一国的商业，被视为倾销。而补贴是指政府或者公共机构向特定产业或者地区提供财政资助，以扶持特定产业或者地区的发展，使其获得在市场经济条件下难以获得的资助。

"Double reverse"Refers to the"anti-dumping/countervailing",Be in conformity with the provisions of the wto trade relief measures.According to its definition,The dumping of the key lies in predatory pricing,That is a product to disinvestment price into another country business,Be regarded as dumping.And subsidy is refers to the government or public institutions to particular industry or region to provide financial assistance,To support a particular industry or the development of the region,Make its win under the condition of market economy is difficult to obtain funding.

　　只要有企业或者行业向美国商务部或美国国际贸易委员会提交申诉，政府就能够启动针对某种产品的“双反”调查。

As long as there is enterprise or industry to the ministry of commerce or the United States international trade commission submitted to appeal,The government will be able to start for a product"Double reverse"survey.

　　一般来说，在反倾销案申诉提交160天内、反补贴案申诉提交85天内，美国商务部会作出初步裁决。如果初裁认为某种商品符合反倾销和反补贴的条款，美国商务部将有权暂停此类商品的进口。而在反倾销案申诉提交235天、反补贴案申诉提交160天之后，美国商务部将作出“双反”案的最终裁决。如果美国商务部的终裁结果仍然肯定某种商品存在倾销和接受补贴的情况，终裁结果将被提交给美国国际贸易委员会作最终考虑，该委员会将在45天内给出最后答案。一旦美国国际贸易委员会也裁定某种商品违反“双反”法案，美国商务部将作出决定对这种商品征收惩罚性关税。

Generally speaking,In the case of anti-dumping appeal submitted within 160 days/Countervailing case appeal submitted to 85 days,The us department of commerce will make a preliminary decision.If the margin of a commodity that conform to the anti-dumping and countervailing terms,The us department of commerce will have the right to suspend the import of these goods.And in the antidumping case appeal submitted to 235 days/Countervailing case appeal submitted after 160 days,The us department of commerce will make"Double reverse"The final award.If the us department of commerce of the final results still must exist a commodity dumping and accept the subsidies,The final results will be submitted to the United States international trade commission for final consideration,The committee will be in 45 days given a final answer.Once the United States international trade commission decided in violation of a commodity"Double reverse"act,The us department of commerce will make the decision to impose punitive tariffs on this commodity.

　　中美之间数年来在“双反”调查的交锋中可以说是互有胜负。相比“双反”调查，打着“国家安全”旗号，美国外国投资委员会的举动则更显霸道。

In between China and the United States for years"Double reverse"Investigation of the clash of can be said to be mutual have a point.Compared with"Double reverse"survey,under"National security"flag,The committee on foreign investment in the United States the behavior criterion more show arbitrariness.

　　美国外国投资委员会是对外国公司并购安全审查的最重要关卡。其成立于1975年，是隶属于财政部但跨部门运作的政府机构，包括国务卿、国防部长、商务部长、司法部长、总统国家安全事务顾问等12名主要成员，负责评估和监控外国投资对美国国家安全的影响。

The committee on foreign investment in the United States to foreign company merger and acquisition is the most important safety review levels.It was founded in 1975,Is belongs to the ministry of finance but cross functional operation of the government agencies,Including secretary of state/Defense minister/Commerce secretary/Justice minister/The President's national security adviser, etc, with the main members of the 12,Responsible for the evaluation and monitoring of foreign investment to the influence of the U.S. national security.

　　如果外国企业在美运作或投资，可以主动通报外国投资委员会进行审查，但该委员会任何一个成员对某一企业产生安全关切，都可以启动审查程序。委员会第一阶段的审查期限是30天，一旦有3个或以上的机构表示同意，委员会将可以对企业在美进行的交易展开为期45天的调查。在调查后，委员会将得出最终报告并提交给总统。总统有15天的考虑时间，然后将决定是否阻止企业在美的交易，并向国会作出书面说明。在整个调查过程中，除了在行政、司法行动或程序中外，相关信息都将严格保密不对外公布。

If a foreign enterprise in the beauty operation or investment,The committee on foreign investment can actively report for review,But the committee member of any one of a enterprise produce security concerns,Can start review procedures.The first phase of the committee review deadline is 30 days,Once there are three or more institutions agreed,Commission will be able to enterprise in the United States on the trade for 45 days of investigation.After the investigation,The committee will obtain the final report and forwarded to the President.The President has 15 days of taking time,Then will decide whether to prevent enterprises in the trade,And to make a written description of the congress.In the entire research process,In addition to administrative/The judicial action or program Chinese and foreign,All information will be kept strictly confidential not announced.

　　据统计，美国外国投资委员会很少展开正式全面调查。截至2005年2月，委员会接受通知的案件1520多起，提交调查的案件仅有25起。提交美国总统决定的案件更是风毛麟角。一般来说，一旦企业“招惹”上外国投资委员会的注意，往往在第一阶段的审查中就遭遇强大压力而决定退出。2002年中国香港李嘉诚的和记黄埔公司收购美国环球电讯公司，即在审查程序尚未完成之前主动撤销了申请。“国家安全”问题提交给美国总统决定的更是凤毛麟角，22年来只有两起，并且都与中国相关。1990年，美国总统老布什否决了中国航空技术进出口公司对西雅图飞机零件制造商的并购；今年9月30日，奥巴马总统以国家安全为理由，叫停了中资公司的一个风电项目。

According to the statistics,The committee on foreign investment in the United States rarely an official complete investigation.By February 2005,The committee accepted the case of the notice of more than 1520 up,Submit investigation cases only 25 up.The President of the United States decided to submit the case is wind hair unicorn horns.Generally speaking,Once the enterprise"incur"The committee on foreign investment in the notice,Often in the first stage of the review of the had strong pressure and decided to quit.In 2002, the Chinese Hong Kong li ka-shing's hutchison whampoa company buying American global telecommunications companies,Namely in the review process is not yet finished before the initiative has revoked the application."National security"Question submitted to the President of the United States decision more rare,22 years only two up,And all related with China.In 1990,,President bush vetoed the China aviation technology import and export company for Seattle aircraft parts manufacturers of mergers and acquisitions;September 30,,President Obama to national security for reason,Called for a Chinese company a wind power project.

　　此外，美国在贸易方面“敲打”中国的地方还有：防止中国出口商品增长过快影响本国就业的“特保”措施、对进口贸易中的不公平行为发起调查并采取制裁措施的“337调查”、炒作人民币汇率问题、设立特别执法机构应对所谓不公平贸易等等。

In addition,The United States in the trade"hammer"China's place and:To prevent the excessive growth of China export commodity influence their employment"safeguard"measures/To import trade of unfair behavior launch investigate and take the sanctions"337 survey"/Hype the RMB exchange rate/Set up special law enforcement agencies deal with so-called unfair trade and so on.

　　什么吹开了保护伞

What blow to open the umbrella

　　美国对华贸易“双反”和安全领域的调查自然和政治风向密切相关。2006年，美国仅对中国发起1起“双反”调查，2007年激增到7起，2008年为5起。然而，随着美国经济遭遇危机，失业率大增，美国政府挽救乏力，日渐崛起的中国就成为替罪羊。从2009年到2012年，美国对华发起的贸易调查已经有50多项，比2006～2009年的“双反”调查总和几乎多出一倍。

The United States trade with China"Double reverse"And in the field of security research nature and closely related to the political wind.In 2006,,The United States only to China has launched one up"Double reverse"survey,2007 surge to 7 up,2008 for 5 up.however,As the U.S. economic crisis encounter,Unemployment soars,The United States government save lack of power,Rising China will become the scapegoat.From 2009 to 2012,The United States launched China trade investigation has 50 multiple,More than 2006 ~ 2009"Double reverse"Total survey nearly twice the amount.

　　尤其是今年以来，随着美国总统大选的展开，往中国进口产品身上泼脏水成为奥巴马和罗姆尼的惯用借口。

Especially since this year,As the U.S. presidential election unfolds,China's imports of products to throw dirty water become barack Obama and Mr Romney's conventional excuse.

　　今年3月，美国商务部对中国产光伏产品反补贴调查作出初裁，认定中国输美光伏产品存在接受政府补贴行为，补贴幅度为2.9%至4.73%。美国国际贸易委员会贸易问题专家爱德华·阿尔顿在一篇评论文章里说，这一幅度大大小于业界的预料，反映出“奥巴马政府并不愿对来自中国的低价光伏产品真的关上大门”，因为来自中国的光伏产品有利于清洁能源产业在美国的发展。然而，随着大选“中国牌”狂打，两名候选人争先恐后地表示将对中国采取强硬立场，美国政府对中国光伏产品的暧昧态度急转直下。到10月10日美国商务部“双反”终裁结果出台时，中国输美光伏产品的补贴幅度已被大幅调高至14.78%至15.97%，而倾销幅度更是高达18.32%至250%不等，绝大部分中国光伏企业都受到极大影响。尽管这一结果还需美国国际贸易委员会确认，但在如今的政治环境下，中国光伏企业平反的机会并不大。

In march this year,The us department of commerce on chinese-made photovoltaic products countervailing investigation make an initial award,That China lost beauty photovoltaic products exist accept government subsidy behavior,Subsidies range 2.9% to 4.73%.United States international trade commission trade experts Edward al meal in a commentary articles said,The amplitude greatly less than expected in the industry,reflect"Obama government does not wish to come from China's low-cost photovoltaic products really closed the door",Because from Chinese photovoltaic products is beneficial to clean energy industry in the development of the United States.however,As the election"China brand"Crazy playing,Two candidates competitively says it will take a hard line with China,The United States government on China pv product ambiguous attitude has plunged.On October 10, the us department of commerce"Double reverse"When the final results issued,China lost beauty photovoltaic products subsidies range has been greatly raised to 14.78% to 15.97%,And dumping margin is as high as 18.32% to 250% range,The majority of China pv enterprises were greatly influence.Although the results still need the United States international trade commission confirmed,But in today's political environment,China pv enterprises right a wrong opportunity is not big.

　　中美双方由于基本政治制度不同导致的立场分歧更是打开贸易保护伞的一大理由。在2005年中海油收购优尼科的交易中，美国就以能源安全为理由迫使中海油放弃收购；在美国国会对华为和中兴展开的调查中，众议院情报委员会主席罗杰斯尽管没有拿出任何证据，但仍固执地表示，华为和中兴与中国政府关系密切，不能把美国的网络服务和安全交到“来自中国的企业手里”。今年9月30日奥巴马以总统的身份叫停中资企业罗尔斯公司临近俄勒冈州军事基地的一个风电项目，更引起了舆论哗然。外媒报道，在被叫停的风电项目附近，就有德国和丹麦的风电项目运行，美国政府却没有任何“安全关切”。在记者的采访中，专家被问到奥巴马的决定是否公平时，均表示“不好说”。

Both sides because the basic political system in different position differences but also open trade umbrella a big reason.In 2005, cnooc purchase unocal trading,The United States to energy security for reasons forcing cnooc give up acquisition;In the United States congress for China and zte in an investigation,The house intelligence committee chairman Mr Rogers although did not produce any evidence,But still stubbornly said,Huawei and zte close relations with the Chinese government,Can't take the network service and security make"From China's enterprise hand".This year on September 30th Obama as President called chinese-invested enterprises rawls company Oregon military base near a wind power project,More caused a public outcry.External media reports,In wind power projects have been stopped nearby,There is Germany and Denmark wind power project operation,The United States government but there are not any"Security concerns".With the reporter's interview,Experts asked Obama decided whether the fair,Expressed that"Not say".

　　应该说，政治风只是给贸易保护主义推波助澜，没有美国企业和行业联合会一次次地申诉，中美贸易摩擦出现的频率也不会如此之高，美国企业界在国际贸易中力保行业领先优势和利益也成为撑起保护伞的强大动力。在信息产业中，美国企业一向控制着全球市场，并且力图保持自己的领导力，思科公司就是美国信息产业的中流砥柱之一。但近年来，随着中兴、华为的崛起，思科面临着巨大的竞争压力。虽然中兴和华为都以电信设备为主，但是，正在日益加大芯片、企业网、手机等业务的扩张，如果进军美国市场，迟早对思科等企业网业务产生威胁。特别是在企业网市场，美国占据全球近半市场份额，思科在美国本土销售占比极高，而具有低成本优势的中兴、华为的介入一定会严重削弱它的利润。因此，当中兴和华为在美国低端市场分一杯羹时，美国企业界没有太大反弹，但当中国企业想往产业链上游发展时，“安全问题”就此浮出水面。

Should say,Political wind just to trade protectionism add fuel to the fire,No American enterprise and industry federation repeatedly appeal,The sino-american trade friction the frequency of the occurrence would not be so high,Corporate America in international trade industry benchmark lead and interests has become hold up umbrella of a powerful driving force.In the information industry,The enterprise always control the global market,And tried to keep his leadership,Cisco is the information industry one of the mainstay.But in recent years,As zte/Huawei's rise,Cisco is facing the huge pressure of competition.Although zte and huawei are telecommunication equipment is given priority to,but,Are increasingly increase chip/Enterprise network/The expansion of the mobile phone, etc,If enter the American market,Sooner or later, to cisco network business enterprise threat.Especially in the enterprise network market,The United States occupy global market share of nearly half,Cisco sales accounted for in the United States than is extremely high,And has low cost advantage of zte/Huawei intervention must be seriously weakened its profits.therefore,In the United States XingHe of huawei low-end market points when a cup of soup,Corporate America not too big rebound,But when Chinese enterprises want to go to industrial chain upstream development,"Safety problems"On the surface.

　　同样，在光伏产品的贸易摩擦中，也可见美国业界争夺市场的努力。上世纪90年代中期，美国几乎占到光伏领域47%的市场份额，而近年来却江河日下，份额萎缩至7%，而中国光伏产业则凭借“知名品牌绽放、产业链完整、配套产业齐全、综合技术水平世界领先”占领全球市场的半壁江山。在短期内，美国企业既难以在技术上有新的突破，又不能在成本上与中国企业竞争，只好祭出“双反”法宝。

The same,In the photovoltaic products in the trade friction,Also visible the United States for the efforts of the industry market.The mid 1990 s,The United States almost account for photovoltaic field 47% market share,And in recent years but go from bad to worse,Share shrunk to 7%,While China pv industry, by right"Well-known brand blossom/Complete industrial chain/Complete supporting industry/The world's leading integrated technical level"Global market occupation deodorants.In the short term,The United States is difficult to enterprises in technology has new breakthrough,And not on cost and China enterprise competition,Had to offering the"Double reverse"Magic weapon.

　　积极应对贸易保护主义

Coping with trade protectionism

　　为提振美国经济，增加就业岗位，不管是民主党还是共和党，都将出口视为灵丹妙药。在这样的情况下，中美之间未来一段时间在制造业领域的竞争会有所加剧，贸易领域的摩擦很可能进一步增加。除了争夺上游产业链的电子产品和新能源产品外，像不锈钢拉制水槽、钢制车轮、镀锌钢丝及荧光增白剂，卧室家具和铸造焦炭等没有技术优势、集中于产业链末端的产品也面临着贸易保护主义的影响。

To boost the U.S. economy,Increase jobs,Both Democrats and republicans,Will export as a panacea.In such cases,In the future period of time between China and the United States in the manufacturing field of competition will be intensified,In the field of trade friction is likely to increase further.In addition to the upstream industry chain for electronic products and new energy products outside,Like stainless steel drawing water tank/Steel wheel/Galvanized steel wire and fluorescent whitening agent,Bedroom furniture and foundry coke and no technical advantage/Focus on industrial chain end of products is also faced with the influence of trade protectionism.

　　事实上，美国在“双反”调查中存在着不少逻辑漏洞和双重标准。美国不承认中国的完全市场经济地位，3月份，美国联邦法院裁决对“非市场经济国家”反补贴措施违法之后，美国国会就启动了立法程序，迅速完成了对反补贴法案的修改，保留了对中国等获得政府补贴国家的商品征税的权力。在对中国产品进行反倾销调查时，由于不承认中国市场的经济地位，美国可以采用第三国（替代国）的数据来计算中国产品成本。所以美国倾向于选取成本比中国更高的第三国进行成本计算，倾销幅度自然水涨船高。

In fact,The United States in"Double reverse"Investigation has many logical loopholes and double standards.The United States does not recognize China's full market economy status,In march,The United States federal court ruling to"Non-market economies"Countervailing measures after illegal,The congress of the United States on the legislative process,The speedy completion of the anti-subsidy act changes,Keep on China to receive government subsidies national commodity tax power.In China's products when anti-dumping investigation,Because do not recognize China's market economy status,The United States can use third countries(TiDaiGuo)Data to calculate the cost of Chinese goods.So the United States tend to select cost higher than China the third country costing,Dumping margin natural a rising tide lifts all boats.

　　面对美国的“双反”调查，积极应诉是企业应该采取的方式。“双反”是在世贸框架下的贸易救济行为，自然也必须遵循世贸组织的原则。目前，中国已经在世贸框架下与美方就铜版纸、油井管、钢制轮毂等多起贸易争端进行磋商。

In the face of the United States"Double reverse"survey,Positive appearance is the enterprise should take way."Double reverse"In the world trade is under the framework of trade remedy behavior,Nature also must follow the principles of the wto.At present,China has been in the wto framework and the United States is coated paper/Oil well pipe/Steel wheel hub, etc more than a trade dispute consultations.

　　而对于美国的“安全关切”，很多美国学者并不赞同，认为安全审查机制应该更加透明，在不牺牲美国国家安全的前提下避免将经贸问题政治化。同时，中国企业也能够表现出透明度，华为日前表示希望公开上市，这意味着公开所有权结构、收入来源、风险因素以及获得的政府支持等多项信息，有助于打消对华为的疑虑。

For the United States"Security concerns",Many American scholars do not agree with,Think safety review mechanism should be more transparent,Without sacrificing the U.S. national security under the premise of economic and trade issues will avoid political.At the same time,Chinese enterprises can also show the transparency,Huawei has expressed the hope that public,This means that the public ownership structure/Source of income/Risk factors and access to government information support, etc,Help to reassure China for doubts.