对中国外贸企业来说，今年的“寒冬”来得比以往更早一些。国际金融危机阴霾不散，全球经济复苏乏力，中国外贸企业遭受了前所未有的挑战。除国内成本上升、国外内需不振等客观因素外，中国与其他经济体之间的贸易摩擦增多也成为影响出口的重要因素。不仅我国传统的贸易伙伴夹击中国商品，一些新兴经济体也加入其中，“中国制造”遭遇十面埋伏。

To China for foreign trade enterprises,This year's"winter"More than ever come earlier.The international financial crisis haze do not come loose,The global economic recovery lack of power,China's foreign trade enterprise suffered unprecedented challenges.In addition to the rise in the cost of domestic/Foreign domestic demand of objective factors such as outside,China and other emerging economies more trade friction between has become the important factor of affect export.Not only China's traditional trading partners flanked China commodity,Some emerging economies also join them,"Made in China"Encounter house of flying daggers.

　　贸易保护主义目前为何再次抬头？在内外交困的形势下，贸易摩擦的不断升级对“中国制造”将产生怎样的影响？面对海外来势汹汹的一轮又一轮贸易保护措施，中国企业又应该如何应对？

Trade protectionism now why up again?Under the situation of foreign trapped inside,Trade friction is ceaseless upgrade to"Made in China"Will produce what kind of impact?The face of overseas come to look for trouble round and round of trade protection measures,Chinese enterprises and should be how to deal with?

　　欧美打出“贸易牌”

With Europe and the United States"Trade brand"

　　今年上半年，美国已对中国产品多次发起“双反”调查和“337调查”，大部分调查的产品都被施以贸易制裁。

In the first half of this year,The United States has on Chinese products launched many times"Double reverse"Investigation and"337 survey",Most of the investigation of the product were to impose trade sanctions.

　　美国和欧盟，是中国最大的两个贸易伙伴，今年不约而同地选择打出“贸易牌”作为提振就业、拯救经济的法宝，“中国制造”成为他们攻击的靶子。

The United States and the European Union,Is China's two largest trading partner,This happen to coincide to choose hit"Trade brand"As a boost employment/A magic weapon to save the economy,"Made in China"They become the target of attack.

　　美国商务部10月10日对华光伏双反案做出终裁，认定中国向美国出口的光伏电池及组件存在倾销和补贴行为，决定征收高额惩罚性关税。虽然此案还需通过美国国际贸易委员会的最终投票决定，但在业内看来几无翻盘可能。

The us department of commerce on October 10, China pv double reverse case to make the final,That China exports to the us of photovoltaic battery and components exist dumping and subsidies behavior,Decided to impose punitive tariffs on high.Although this case still need through the United States international trade commission the final vote,But in the industry seems little after may.

　　此前，欧盟也对上述产品进行了反倾销调查。此前中国商务部已派出代表团奔赴欧洲各国就此案与多方进行谈判，但有分析人士担心美国终裁会对欧盟的调查产生影响。

after,The European Union is also the above products the anti-dumping investigation.After China's commerce ministry has sent a delegation to the European countries is the case with many negotiations,But analysts worry that the United States will be the final of the European Union investigation impact.

　　光伏产品只是中国企业今年以来遭受美国贸易保护措施的一个缩影。日前举行的美国总统候选人辩论中，中美贸易不平衡问题再次成为双方互相攻击的目标。共和党总统候选人罗姆尼抨击中国是“骗子”、“不遵守贸易规则”。现任总统奥巴马则反击称，他已经对华采取了措施，比如2009年对从中国进口的所有小轿车和轻型卡车轮胎采取特保措施，征收为期3年的惩罚性关税；他还称，近年来人民币汇率已经显著上升，是其对中国施加了强大压力的结果。

Photovoltaic products just Chinese enterprise since this year suffer from the American trade protection measures of a miniature.Held a U.S. presidential candidates debate,Sino-us trade imbalance has once again become the target of each other.Republican presidential candidate mitt romney attacked China is"liar"/"Don't abide by the trade rules".President barack Obama says the counterattack,He has taken measures to China,In 2009, for example, imports from China of all the cars and light truck tire to take special security measures,Collect a three-year punitive tariffs;He also says,In recent years the RMB exchange rate has significant rise,Is the strong pressure on China to the results.

　　欧盟委员会今年8月宣布，将中国出口自行车及自行车零件征收的反倾销税延长至2016年；自9月中旬起，欧盟对从中国进口的瓷砖征收为期5年的惩罚性关税，最高税率为69.7%。

The European commission announced on August this year,Will China export bicycle and bicycle parts to the collection of anti-dumping duties extend to 2016;Since mid-september up,The European Union on imports from China ceramic tile collection five-year punitive tariffs,The highest rate is 69.7%.

　　中国国际经济交流中心副研究员王天龙表示，本轮针对中国的贸易保护措施增多与全球经济增长乏力有很大关系。主要发达经济体经济低迷造成国内需求下降，导致失业率增高；为保护国内企业、增加就业，就会实行贸易保护，对其他国家商品提高进口门槛。

China international economic exchange center deputy researcher WangTianLong said,This according to China's trade protection measures and increased global economic growth has a lot to do with fatigue.Major developed economies economic downturn caused by falling domestic demand,Lead to increased unemployment;For the protection of domestic enterprises/Increase employment,Will implement the trade protection,For other countries import products to improve the threshold.

　　中国商务部发言人沈丹阳此前表示，最近美国一些政治人物对中美经贸关系说三道四，并采取了一些贸易保护主义措施，这种出于政治需要将经贸问题政治化，把国内矛盾转嫁给其他国家的做法将破坏两国经贸合作发展的氛围，搞不好会把中美经贸关系引入歧途。

Chinese commerce ministry spokesman ShenDanYang previously said,Recently some American politicians on china-us economic and trade relations gossiping,And take some protectionist measures,This kind of political need to politicize economic and trade issues,The domestic contradictions on to the practice of other countries will damage the development of bilateral economic and trade cooperation atmosphere,Maybe the china-us economic and trade relations will be led astray.

　　新兴经济体“跟风”

Emerging economies"Follow suit"

　　除了欧美以外，印度、巴西、阿根廷、土耳其等国近期也频频向中国产品“发难”。

In addition to America and beyond,India/Brazil/Argentina/Countries such as Turkey recently also frequently to Chinese products"revolt".

　　不仅是发达经济体，新兴经济体与中国的贸易摩擦也明显增多。据商务部消息，继欧美之后，印度反倾销局也将对中国出口的光伏产品进行反倾销调查，印度太阳能制造商呼吁征收高达200%反倾销税；10月15日，墨西哥就中国纺织品和服装补贴政策提起世贸组织争端解决机制下的磋商请求，指控中国通过减免部分所得税、增值税及地方税等方式对纺织品和服装企业进行了补贴，对墨西哥产生较大负面影响。墨西哥纺织企业一直在与中国企业竞争，向美国市场出口产品。

Is not only developed economies,Emerging economies and China's trade friction also markedly increased.According to the ministry of commerce news,After the Europe and the United States,Indian anti-dumping bureau will also on China's export of photovoltaic products anti-dumping investigation,India solar manufacturers calls for collection of anti-dumping duties as high as 200%;On October 15,,Mexico is China's textiles and clothing subsidy policy to the wto dispute settlement mechanism of the request for consultations,Accused of China through the reduction of income tax/Value added tax and local tax means such as textiles and clothing enterprise to the subsidies,Have great negative impact to Mexico.Mexican textile enterprises have been and China enterprise competition,Export products to the market.

　　此外，今年9月，秘鲁已针对来自中国的上釉墙面瓷砖发起反倾销调查。这是继阿根廷之后，拉美针对中国陶瓷行业发起的第二起反倾销调查。印度、巴西、阿根廷、土耳其等国近期也频频向中国产品“发难”，“中国制造”遭围攻。

In addition,September this year,Peru has to come from China's glazed wall ceramic tile anti-dumping investigation.This is the after Argentina,Latin America for Chinese ceramic industry launched the second antidumping duty investigations.India/Brazil/Argentina/Countries such as Turkey recently also frequently to Chinese products"revolt","Made in China"Was besieged.

　　商务部数据显示，今年上半年我国共遭遇了18个国家和地区发起的反倾销、反补贴、特保等调查共计40起，同比增长了38%；涉案金额37亿美元，同比增长了76%。从立案国别来看，巴西、印度等发展中国家对我国立案数量占总案件数的70%。

The ministry of commerce data display,In the first half of this year our country had a total of 18 countries and regions launched anti-dumping/countervailing/Safeguard investigation, such as a total of 40 up,Growth of 38% year-on-year;Involving a value of $3.7 billion,Growth of 76% year-on-year.From the country put on record to see,Brazil/India and other developing countries to our country put on record the number of 70% of the total cases.

　　王天龙认为，新兴市场针对中国的贸易救济措施增加，不排除“跟风”发达国家的嫌疑，但更深的原因则是存在竞争。“新兴市场与我国在经济发展阶段、产业结构等方面有一定的相似性，出口的产品也有很多趋同，具有替代性，因此他们通过这些措施来打压中国产品，维护本国利益”，他说，“但是各国资源禀赋不同，其实完全可以做到合作分工、优势互补”。

WangTianLong think,Emerging markets for China's trade relief measures to increase,Does not exclude"Follow suit"Suspected of developed countries,But the deeper reason there is competition."Emerging market and China's economic development stage/Industrial structure has certain similarity,Export products also have a lot of convergence,Has alternative,So they through these measures to crack down on Chinese products,Maintain its interests",He said,"But countries different resource endowment,In fact can be done completely cooperation division of labor/Have complementary advantages".

　　部分企业亏损出货

Part of the shipment the losses of the enterprise

　　贸易摩擦对涉案企业影响较大，部分企业将丧失海外市场。

Trade friction on involving influence on enterprises,Part of the enterprise will lose the overseas market.

　　海关数据显示，今年1-9月，我国进出口总值28424.7亿美元，与去年同期相比增长6.2%；其中出口增长7.4%，进口增长4.8%。这与年初制定的10%的增长目标仍有一定差距。虽然今年以来出台的一系列“稳增长”的政策影响下，9月份单月的外贸数据呈现企稳回升迹象，但无论是海关总署还是企业，都对未来的外贸态势表示谨慎。

Customs data display,1 - September this year,China import and export (GDP) of us $2.84247 trillion,Compared with the same period last year growth of 6.2%;Export growth of 7.4%,Imports rose 4.8%.This early and for 10% of the growth target there is still a certain gap.Although since this year on the introduction of the series"Steady growth"Under the influence of the policy,Month in September foreign trade statistics showing signs of stabilising picks up,But whether the general administration of customs or enterprise,In the future foreign trade situation cautiously.

　　海关总署新闻发言人郑跃声称，当前世界经济依然严峻，不确定、不稳定的因素在增多，我国出口产品也面临着贸易保护的壁垒，形势十分严峻。分析认为，贸易摩擦对涉案企业和产业影响较大，会导致出口的减少甚至被迫退出部分海外市场。此外，还将导致产业转移和出口市场的转移。

The general administration of customs ZhengYue spokesman said,The world economy is still severe,Not sure/Factors of instability are increasing,Our export products is also faced with the protection of trade barriers,Situation is very serious.According to analysis,Trade friction on involved in enterprise and industry greatly influenced,Can lead to export reduced or even was forced to withdraw from some overseas markets.In addition,Will also lead to industrial transfer and the transfer of export market.

　　英利能源董事长兼CEO苗连生此前表示，目前国内光伏企业都在亏损出货，比的是谁亏损的少，整个行业面临崩盘。而一些中小企业则表示，由于贸易壁垒提高等原因导致成本增加，部分国外订单已经向成本更低的东南亚国家转移。

The chairman and CEO of the energy MiaoLianSheng previously said,At present domestic photovoltaic enterprise are loss shipment,Who is the losses than less,The whole industry will face collapse.And some small and medium-sized enterprise, said,Because of such reasons as to improve trade barriers lead to cost increase,Some foreign orders have to lower the cost of the southeast Asian countries transfer.

　　不过，专家普遍认为，虽然贸易摩擦呈增多趋势，但升级为“贸易战”的可能并不大。对外经贸大学国际经济研究院院长桑百川表示，未来中美贸易摩擦有可能还会增加，但由于双方互为主要贸易伙伴，尽量会将争端控制在一定范围内理性解决。

but,Experts generally agree,Although trade friction is increasing trend,But upgrade to"Trade war"May is not big.Foreign economic and trade university international economic research institute President mulberry bacc the said,The future sino-us trade friction is expected to grow,But because the two sides are the main trade partners,As far as possible will dispute control within the scope of certain and rational solution.

　　王天龙则认为，如果今后中日钓鱼岛争端持续升级，不排除发生贸易战的可能。中国人民大学经济学院副院长刘元春也表示，如果钓鱼岛事件进一步发酵，四季度中日双边贸易可能会受到一定影响。

WangTianLong argue that,If in the future the diaoyu islandtaiwan continuous upgrade,Does not exclude the possibility of a trade war happened.Chinese people's university school of economics, vice President of the LiuYuanChun also said,If the diaoyu islands event further fermentation,Four quarter sino-japanese bilateral trade could be affected by certain influence.

　　商务部提醒国内外贸企业，应理性应对贸易摩擦。首先要冷静对待，积极应诉，摒弃不敢不愿打国际官司的畏难心理和“搭便车”心理；同时不要单打独斗，可组成应诉同盟，聘请专业的律师团队，按照相关国的要求，如实准备调查问卷和申请问卷的答复。此外，企业规避贸易摩擦的关键还是要加强自律，苦练内功。

The ministry of commerce to remind the domestic foreign trade enterprise,Should be rational to deal with trade friction.First of all to coolness,Actively responding,Slam the door can't don't want to make an international case regarding the psychological and"hitchhike"psychological;At the same time don't partaking,Can form appearance alliance,Hire a professional lawyer team,According to the requirements of relevant countries,Truthfully prepare questionnaire and apply for questionnaire response.In addition,The enterprise to dodge the key or trade friction to strengthen self-discipline,Trains hard the internal strength.

　　一方面，通过转变外贸发展方式，加快转型升级，提高产业的核心竞争力，提高产品价格，跳出低价竞争的圈子，变“以价取胜”为“以质取胜”。另一方面，要规范内部财务和管理流程，培养应对贸易摩擦的专业人才，建立和完善贸易摩擦预警机制和快速反应机制，避免一旦遭遇贸易摩擦就措手不及。

On the one hand,Through the transformation of foreign trade development mode,Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of,Improve the core competitiveness of the industry,Improve product price,Jump out of the low price competition circle,change"To price to win"for"Quality win".On the other hand,To regulate internal financial and management process,To deal with trade conflicts training professional talents,To establish and perfect the trade friction early warning mechanism and rapid response mechanism,Avoid once encounter trade friction is unprepared.

　　新京报记者 沈玮青

The Beijing news reporter ShenWei green

　　■ 企业说法

s Enterprise statement

　　广东四通集团有限公司副总经理蔡镇通：

Guangdong four-way group co., LTD., deputy general manager CAI town pass:

　　中国陶瓷出口

China ceramic export

　　面临暂时性打击

Facing temporary blow

　　广东四通集团有限公司是当地一家规模较大的陶瓷生产企业，其生产的日用陶瓷60%-70%销往欧洲。

Guangdong four-way group co., LTD. Is a local large ceramic production enterprise,The production of ceramics for daily use 60% - 70% exported to Europe.

　　今年2月，欧盟宣布对中国出口至欧洲的陶瓷餐具及厨房用具发起反倾销调查，涉案金额达7亿美元。欧盟是广东潮州陶瓷最大的出口市场，此次潮州涉案企业超过200家，涉案金额1.8亿美元。今年11月，欧盟将对此案进行初裁。此前有外媒称，欧盟打算向上述产品征收17%-58%的反倾销税。

February,The European Union announced on China's export to European ceramic tableware and kitchenware anti-dumping investigation,Involving a value of $700 million.The European Union is guangdong chaozhou ceramic's largest export market,The chaozhou involving more than 200 enterprises,Involving a value of $180 million.November,The European Union will decide the initial cutting.There have been media said outside,Eu plans to impose the above products 17% - 58% of the anti-dumping duties.

　　广东四通集团有限公司副总经理蔡镇通对记者表示，预计此次贸易争端中国企业胜算不大。

Guangdong four-way group co., LTD., deputy general manager CAI town pass told reporters,The Chinese enterprises is expected to trade dispute odds are not good.

　　据介绍，欧盟宣布反倾销调查后，四通公司聘请律师参加了听证会，并前往德国、法国、比利时等地，与当地的行业协会、消费者协会及陶瓷企业进行了沟通。“我们向他们证明我们的产品不是倾销，他们表示理解，也答应向政府反映情况。但由于经济不好，欧洲政府要保护就业，就不得不拿中国产品开刀。”蔡镇通说。

According to introducing,The European Union announced after the anti-dumping investigation,Four-way company hired a lawyer to participate in the hearing,And to Germany/France/Belgium, etc,With the local industry association/Consumers' association and ceramic enterprise's communication."We show them that our product is not dumping,They understand that,Also promised to extend government report the situation to them.But because the economy is not good enough,European governments to protect the employment,Will have to take the Chinese products operation."CAI town pass said.

　　蔡镇通预计，欧盟最终将会提高相关产品的关税门槛，这对中国陶瓷出口将造成暂时性的打击。他的应对策略是适当提高产品价格，压缩利润空间，同时希望政府能在税费减免方面给予一定的优惠措施。不过，他对未来的前景仍很有信心。“和欧洲厂家比，我们的产品无论是制作工艺还是生产成本方面都有很大优势，他们根本无法满足欧洲市场的需求”，他说，“现在欧洲年轻消费者都喜欢买中国的瓷器，就算暂时打压，但长期来看欧洲市场还是属于中国的”。(沈玮青)

CAI town is expected to pass,The European Union will eventually improve related product tariff threshold,The China ceramics export will cause temporary blow.His strategy is an appropriate increase in the price of a product,Compressed profit space,At the same time hope the government can tax cuts in respect of certain preferential measures.but,On his future prospects are still very confident."And Europe than manufacturers,Our products both production technology and production cost are very advantage,They can't meet the needs of the European market",He said,"Now the European young consumers like to buy Chinese porcelain,Even if that temporarily,But in the long term the European market still belongs to China".(ShenWei green)

　　■ 新闻回放

s News playback

　　贸易保护常

Trade protection often

　　与经济低迷“结伴”

And economic downturn"mate"

　　从历史上来看，在经济衰退时期，通常贸易保护措施也会相应增加。1929年，美国股市崩盘，经济危机爆发。为了保护农场主的利益，摆脱国内经济萧条，时任美国总统的胡佛于1930年6月签署了大幅提高关税的《斯姆特－霍利法案》。该法案修订了1125种商品的进口税率，将其中34%列为可征税商品；增加税率的商品有890种。

Historically,In the economic recession,Usually trade protection measures also can increase accordingly.In 1929,,The stock market crash,Economic crisis.In order to protect the interests of the farmers,Get rid of the domestic economic depression,The President of the United States hoover in June 1930 signed the increase of duties[He's - Holly, bill].The bill revised the 1125 goods import tax rate,Will be 34% as taxable goods;Increase rate of goods there are 890 species.

　　根据美国国务院的数据，上述法案施行后，美国从欧洲的进口额从1929年的13.34亿美元骤降至1932年的3.9亿美元；美国对欧出口也相应地从23.41亿美元减少至7.84亿美元。而由于许多国家也因此对美国采取了报复性关税措施，以应对美国新的贸易壁垒，贸易战随之而来。该法案被批评者视为经济大萧条如此深远和持久的一个重要原因，被认为是胡佛当政时期“最大的错误”。

According to the data of the state council,The above after the enforcement of law,The United States imports from Europe from $1929 in 1.334 billion dip to $1932 in 390 million;The United States exports to Europe also correspondingly fell from 2.341 billion us dollars to 784 million us dollars.And because many countries and therefore to the United States adopted a retaliatory tariff measures,In response to new U.S. trade barriers,With a trade war.The bill was critics as the great depression so profound and lasting one important reason,Considered in hoover period"Biggest mistake".

　　而伴随着2007年由美国次贷危机引发的全球经济危机，各国贸易保护措施更是层出不穷。如俄罗斯提高汽车与收割机关税，埃及增加砂糖关税，巴西与阿根廷连手提升南方共同市场国家对外进口税率等。

But with 2007 by us subprime mortgage crisis caused by the global economic crisis,Countries trade protection measures but also emerge in endlessly.If Russia improve cars and harvester tariff,Egypt increases sugar tariff,Brazil and Argentina even hand ascension mercosur national foreign import tax rate, etc.

　　对此，世界贸易组织总干事拉米指出，贸易保护主义看似保护一国经济，实际上会拖累世界经济复苏，对谁都不利。在反对贸易保护主义方面，不能说一套做一套。(沈玮青)

this,The world trade organization (wto) director-general lam pointed out,Trade protectionism seemingly protection one country economy,In fact will drag the world economic recovery,To who is adverse.In opposition to trade protectionism aspects,Can't say one thing and do another.(ShenWei green)