一、跨境贸易人民币结算发展概况 

a/Cross-border trade RMB settlement development situation 

　　2008年金融危机爆发，使得美元出现流动紧缩及贬值压力。美元是全球贸易中第三方结算的最主要货币，因而导致了全球贸易由于美元紧缩而急剧萎缩。在此国际经济背景下，我国开始推行跨境贸易人民币结算业务。 

2008 financial crisis,Make dollar appear flow squeeze and depreciation pressure.The dollar is the global trade settlement of third party of the most major currency,Thus led to the global trade as the dollar tightening and sharp atrophy.In the international economic background,China began to implement cross-border trade RMB settlement business. 

　　2009年4月8日，国务院决定在上海等4个城市先行开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点工作，境外地域范围暂定为港澳地区和东盟国家。2009年7月2日，国家有关部门共同制定的《跨境贸易人民币结算试点管理办法》正式对外公布。 

On April 8, 2009,The state council decided in Shanghai and other four city first carry out cross-border trade RMB settlement pilot work,Overseas region interim for Hong Kong and Macao and asean countries.On July 2, 2009,The relevant departments of the state enacted by the common[Cross-border trade RMB settlement measures for the administration of pilot]Officially announced. 

　　2011年8月23日，中国人民银行、财政部、商务部等联合发布《关于扩大跨境贸易人民币结算地区的通知》，将跨境贸易人民币结算境内地域范围扩大至全国。 

August 23, 2011,The people's bank of China/The ministry of finance/The ministry of commerce jointly issued, etc[About expanding cross-border trade RMB settlement area notice],Will cross-border trade RMB settlement territory area expanded to the whole country. 

　　二、跨境贸易人民币结算存在的问题 

two/Cross-border trade RMB settlement problems 

　　（一）人民币的流通性问题。中国经济强劲稳定的增长和经济实力的增强使得人民币币值稳定，人民币的跨境流通规模和范围不断扩大。但是，从整个国际经济贸易上来看，人民币的国际流通性仍存在很大的局限性。港澳台是跨境流通人民币数量最大的地区，因此以香港为例分析人民币流通性。在香港推行跨境贸易人民币结算的前提是人民币在港具有良好的流通性。然而，在港人民币的供给不足成为人民币流通的桎梏。按照相关特别行政区政府统计处的统计，以粤港地区为例，2008年粤港贸易额约为17，007亿人民币，如不考虑开展人民币跨境结算后两地的贸易增量，并假设两地贸易结算中仅10%使用人民币结算，那么仅贸易结算方面对人民币的需求就达1，700亿人民币左右。根据香港金融管理局的统计数据显示，截至2009年4月底，相关人民币存款余额仅为530.2亿元。可见，人民币存款无法匹配巨大的贸易结算规模，这存在极大的局限性。 

(a)Yuan liquidity problems.China's economy strong stable growth and economic strength enhancement makes its currency stable,The scale and scope of the cross-border flow continues to expand.but,From the international economic and trade point of view,Yuan international liquidity still has a lot of limitations.Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan is the largest number of cross-border circulation area,So in Hong Kong as an example, analyzed the yuan liquidity.In Hong Kong, implement cross-border trade RMB settlement is the premise of RMB in the port has good liquidity.however,In port RMB supply shortage became a RMB of circulation shackles.According to the relevant special administrative region government census and statistics department statistics,With Hong Kong guangdong area as an example,2008 Hong Kong guangdong trade about 17,00.7 billion yuan,If you don't consider launching RMB settlement of cross-border trade after the two increment,The two trade settlement and assumed that only 10% of the use of RMB settlement,So only trade settlement on the demand of RMB 1 alone,70 billion yuan or so.According to the Hong Kong monetary authority figures show,By the end of 2009 at the end of April,Related RMB deposit balance is 53.02 billion yuan only.visible,RMB deposit can't match huge trade settlement scale,This is a great limitations. 

　　（二）对人民币的接受程度。境外交易对手对人民币的接受程度有限是人民币跨境贸易结算的最大障碍之一。国内贸易商绝大多数愿意使用人民币进行结算，但是我们在贸易谈判中的竞争力不足，国内企业与境外对手相比普遍处于相对弱势地位，在国际贸易中中国主要作为商品出口国，在国际贸易谈判中占优势地位的自然是境外进口商。事实上，即便是我国进口商品，谈判的优势地位也经常在境外。然而，境外进口商在贸易结算货币使用上，大多倾向于用美元或进口国货币结算，对人民币的流通性和稳定性仍存在疑虑，某些国家如韩国、阿根廷、巴西、俄罗斯等国通常缺少美元储备。其政府也希望本国出口商收到美元。因此，境外交易对手不愿人民币作为贸易结算货币，成为跨境贸易人民币结算的主要障碍。 

(two)On the level of acceptance.Overseas counterparty to RMB acceptance co., LTD., is RMB settlement of cross-border trade one of the biggest obstacles.Domestic traders most willing to use RMB settlement,But we in trade negotiations of the lack of competitiveness,Domestic enterprises and foreign rivals compared with common in a relatively weak position,In international trade, as China's main commodity exporters,In international trade talks dominant position of nature is overseas importers.In fact,Even if is our country imports,Negotiations are often dominant position in overseas.however,Overseas importers in trade settlement currency use,Most tend to use the dollar or the importer monetary settlement,The liquidity and stability doubts still exist,Some countries, such as Korea/Argentina/Brazil/Russia and other countries usually lacks dollar reserves.The government also hope that exporters receive dollars.therefore,Overseas counterparty does not let the yuan as a trade settlement currency,Become a cross-border trade RMB settlement of the main obstacle. 

　　（三）国内外清算渠道问题。清算根据《跨境贸易人民币结算试点管理办法》，人民币跨境清算的渠道有两条：一是通过香港、澳门地区人民币业务清算行进行人民币资金跨境结算和清算；二是通过境内商业银行代理境外商业银行进行人民币资金跨境结算和清算。目前，国内可供实现人民币跨境流通的物理渠道主要有三个：一是携带人民币现钞跨境流通；二是依托人民银行支付系统经由广州、深圳城市处理中心进行清算；三是依托银联网络进行跨境结算。 

(three)The liquidation channels problems at home and abroad.Liquidation according to[Cross-border trade RMB settlement measures for the administration of pilot],RMB settlement of cross-border channel has two:One is through Hong Kong/Macao clearing bank for RMB business in RMB funds cross-border settlement and clearing;The second is through the domestic commercial bank agency an overseas commercial bank for RMB settlement of cross-border and liquidation.At present,Domestic to make the yuan cross-border flow of physical channel mainly have three:One is to carry the cross-border RMB yuan in notes circulation;The second is the people's bank of relying on the payment system by guangzhou/Shenzhen city processing center carry out the liquidation;Three is relying on unionpay network for cross-border settlement. 

　　在国内外清算渠道方面，当人民币像其他可自由兑换货币一样通过国际结算的主要渠道（信用证、托收、汇款）进行清算时，对于银行的国际结算和国内清算渠道都有相应的要求。然而，我国并未形成一个成熟的人民币国际清算中心。当前的人民币跨境清算安排仅供满足小额货币兑换和消费性跨境支付的需要，金额占进出口总额的比重过低，难以与更多国家和地区开展人民币计算。清算渠道的狭窄制约了人民币结算业务的发展。 

The liquidation channels at home and abroad,When the yuan like other freely convertible currencies through international settlement as the main channel(The l/c/collection/remittance)liquidation,For the bank of international settlement and domestic liquidation channels have corresponding requirements.however,Our country have not formed a mature RMB international clearing center.The current RMB cross-border settlement arrangement is only for meet small currency exchange and consumer cross-border payment needs,Amount accounted for the proportion of the total import and export volume is too low,With more countries and regions to carry out yuan terms.The liquidation channel narrow restricted the RMB settlement business development. 

　　（四）外汇管理方面的问题。人民币成为结算货币后，我国经济与世界经济的联系将更加紧密，国际经济形势的波动对我国经济的影响加大了。由于长期以来我国的外汇管理制度是以外汇的跨境收支为条件来设计的，许多监管工作是基于企业收支外汇并发生结售汇来开展的。我国现行的进出口核销制度是以企业出口贸易必须收到外汇、进口贸易必须支付外汇而设计的。人民币用于跨境贸易结算后，将会出现出口收汇是人民币、进口付汇也是人民币的现象。在这种情况下，可能会使当前的进出口核销制度出现操作性困难。如何界定资金来源是否来自境外，与进出口核销相关的出口退税依据等成为重要问题。 

(four)Foreign exchange management problems.RMB become after the settlement currency,Our country economy and the world economy will be more closely linked,The international economic situation in China's economic fluctuation on the influence of the increase.Due to long time China's foreign exchange management system based on the balance of foreign exchange for cross-border condition to design,Many supervision work is based on the enterprise foreign exchange and balance of payments happened to guarantee to.China's current import and export verification system based on enterprises to export trade must receive foreign exchange/Import trade must pay foreign exchange and design.RMB for cross-border trade settlement after,Will appear export proceeds is RMB/Import payment of RMB is also phenomenon.In this case,May make the current import and export verification system appear operational difficulties.How to define whether the source of funds from outside,With import and export verification related export tax rebate according to become important problem etc. 

　　三、完善跨境贸易人民币结算的几点对策 

three/Perfect cross-border trade RMB settlement some countermeasures 

　　（一）增加用于贸易结算的人民币供应量。要解决人民币的流通性不足问题，就必须增加贸易结算的人民币供应量。目前我国境外人民币供应的主要方式是货币互换。从2008年底以来，我国相继与印尼、俄罗斯、马来西亚、巴西、香港、阿根廷签署了双边货币互换协议。随着跨境贸易人民币结算的深入发展，这些资金远远不能满足结算规模的需求。因此，必须扩大人民币互换协议的规模，由近及远的推进与其他国家的货币互换。 

(a)Increase used in trade settlement yuan supply.To solve the yuan liquidity shortage problem,We must increase trade settlement yuan supply.At present our country overseas RMB supply main way is currency swap.Since from the end of 2008,One after another in China and Indonesia/Russia/Malaysia/Brazil/Hong Kong/Argentina has signed bilateral currency swap agreement.Cross-border trade with the further development of RMB settlement,These funds are far from meeting the needs of the scale of settlement.therefore,Must expand the scale of RMB exchange agreement,The advancement of double with other countries currency swap. 

　　在货币互换的方式之外，还可以通过一些其他办法来增加人民币在贸易结算中的供应量。如允许境外银行为我国企业提供人民币贸易融资；允许境外合格机构在我国发行人民币债券；逐步放松人民币与港元的兑换限制，等等。 

In the currency exchange outside the way,Can also through some other way to increase the yuan trade settlement in the supply.Such as allow foreign Banks to our country enterprise to provide the yuan trade financing;Allow qualified overseas institutions in the issuance of RMB bonds in China;Gradually relax RMB and Hong Kong dollar exchange limit,, etc. 

　　（二）提高贸易对手对人民币的接受程度。要提高境外交易对手对人民币的接受程度，就需提高人民币的可兑换程度，这就要求有一个成熟的金融市场体系为之提供完善的服务。我国目前缺乏成熟的离岸人民币清算中心，成熟的人民币远期汇率市场以及对外国投资者开放的人民币金融产品市场。只有建立了成熟的金融市场才能提供更多以人民币计价的金融产品，稳定推进人民币的国际化。与此同时，扩大人民币计价结算范围，活跃跨境贸易，利用货币互换提供的流动性来吸引跨境贸易对手选择人民币结算。对大宗原材料进口交易以人民币计价结算给予优惠政策。简化相关手续，加大宣传力度，鼓励企业使用人民币对外直接投资。 

(two)Improve the trade competitors on the level of acceptance.To improve foreign counterparty to RMB acceptance,It will have to improve the yuan convertible degree,This requires a mature financial market system provide the perfect service.At present in China, the lack of mature offshore RMB clearing center,Mature RMB the forward rate market as well as to foreign investors open RMB financial products market.Only by establishing a mature financial markets can provide more to RMB financial products,Stable promote the internationalization of RMB.meanwhile,Expand RMB settlement range,Active cross-border trade,Use of currency swap provide liquidity to attract cross-border trade opponents RMB settlement.For bulk raw materials import transactions in renminbi settlement give preferential policies.Simplify formalities,Enhance propaganda,Encourage enterprises to use RMB foreign direct investment. 

　　（三）完善国内清算体系。第一，调整我国商业现行的国际结算系统，不断完善商业银行本币结算代理行方式。我国商业银行的系统按本外币分为两大系统，国际结算属于国际业务系统，不能做本币业务。人民币作为跨境结算需要对现行的系统进行调整以便适应业务开展需要。还可以鼓励与境外银行建立代理关系，为人民币提供存放、结算服务机制和渠道，引导人民币通过银行体系参与国际贸易；第二，加快推进上海国际金融中心建设，尽早将上海建成人民币清算和交易中心。这将为境外拥有人民币的企业和个人提供更多资本项目下以人民币计价的金融投资工具，从而强有力地推动跨境贸易人民币结算的开展。 

(three)Perfect the clearing system.The first,Adjust our country commercial current international settlement system,Constantly improve the commercial bank's local currency settlement way.Our country commercial bank system according to the local divided into two big system,International settlement belongs to international business system,Can't do local currency business.Renminbi as the cross-border settlement need to adjust the current system in order to adapt to the business development need.Can also encourage and foreign Banks to establish agency relationship,Provide RMB deposit/Settlement service mechanism and channels,Guide the yuan through the banking system to participate in international trade;The second,Accelerating the construction of Shanghai international financial center,As early as possible will be built in Shanghai RMB settlement and trading center.This will be for the overseas have the enterprises and individuals to provide more capital project to RMB financial investment tool,Thus strongly promote the development of cross-border trade RMB settlement. 

　　（四）加强监管调控与统计监测。从宏观管理层面看，应调整监管的着力点，将长期以来以外汇以及外汇收支作为监管内容的管理框架转变为以跨境资金流动为监管内容的管理框架。从制度安排及监管设计上，将人民币的跨境流动以及境外资产负债纳入监管监测体系并作为重要的监管内容。与此同时，要研究如何与此相适应，进一步开放国内金融资本市场，加强对进入国内市场的各类主体的监管，而非当前单纯地对外汇资金的监管。随着国内金融体系逐渐完备，人民币结算必然有一个好的前景。 

(four)Strengthen the supervision control and statistical monitoring.From the macroscopic management level to see,The starting point of supervision should be adjusted,Will for a long time in foreign exchange and foreign exchange receipts and expenditures as supervision content management framework are changing to cross-border capital flow for supervision content management framework.From the system arrangement and supervision on the design,Will the yuan cross-border flow and overseas assets and liabilities into the supervision and monitoring system as an important content of the supervision.meanwhile,To study how to adapt to this,Further open the domestic financial capital market,Strengthen the into the domestic market of all kinds of main body of supervision,Rather than the current simply to the supervision of the foreign exchange funds.Along with the domestic financial system gradually complete,RMB will have a good prospect. 

　　主要参考文献： 

The main reference: 

　　[1]李东荣.人民币跨境计价结算：问题与思路[M].北京：中国金融出版社，2009. 

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