中美顺差将“瘦身”

The surplus will"Thin body"

　　为了反映各国在生产链中日益分散的情况，经合组织与世贸组织经过多年合作，推出全球贸易测算新方法――附加值贸易测算法，并在1月16日首度公布了反映这一方法的数据库。用附加值来测算国际贸易的统计方法，有助于各国重新评估贸易失衡问题。但专家指出，这一方法离最终得到国际公认和普遍采用还有很长一段路要走，还需不断补充和完善。

In order to reflect the countries in the production chain of the increasingly dispersed,The oecd and the world trade organization (wto) after many years of cooperation,Introduced a new global trade measure method, the added value trade measure method,And on jan 16, the first announced the reflect this method database.With added value to measure the international trade statistics method,Help countries reassessment trade imbalances.But experts say,This method from finally to obtain the internationally recognized widely used and there is still a long way to go,Still need to constantly supplement and complete.

　　揭开国际贸易“面纱”

Uncover international trade"veil"

　　一台苹果平板电脑的进出口，导致了世贸组织和经合组织引入共同“附加值”概念来研究国际贸易，同时也引发了各界对于国际贸易乃至全球化的新思考。

One apple tablet PC import and export,Led to the world trade organization (wto) and the oecd into common"Added value"To study the concept of international trade,At the same time also triggered a for international trade and globalization new thinking.

　　1月16日，经合组织与世贸组织推出全球贸易测算新方法――附加值贸易测算法，并首度公布了反映这一方法的数据库。

On January 16,,The oecd and the world trade organization (wto) launched a new global trade measure method, the added value trade measure method,And the first announced the reflect this method database.

　　随着全球化的发展，一件复杂商品的生产不再由一个国家的一个企业单独完成。传统的贸易统计方法只测算总贸易流量，而新方法通过考查附加值的进出口，可以更为全面地了解国际贸易和各国之间的商业关系。

With the development of globalization,A complicated commodity production no longer by a country's a enterprise alone.The traditional trade statistics method only estimates the total trade flow,The new method through the test of the added value of import and export,Can be more comprehensive understanding of the international trade and business relations between countries.

　　看清“附加值”真正含义

see"Added value"True meaning

　　附加值(ValueAdded)是在产品的原有价值的基础上，通过生产过程中的有效劳动新创造的价值，即附加在产品原有价值上的新价值。附加值的实现在于通过有效的营销手段进行联结。

Added value(ValueAdded)In the original value of the products based on,Through the production process of effective work to create new value,That is attached to the original value of the products on the new value.The realization of the added value is through effective marketing tool for connection.

　　在国际贸易中，“附加值”是指一件产品由于劳动力补偿、关税或利润等原因而产生高于原有价值的新价值。

In international trade,"Added value"Refers to a product as the Labour compensation/Tariffs or profit wait for a reason and produce higher than the original value of the new value.

　　举例来说，马来西亚向中国出口150美元的商品，中国在对该商品加工后，以170美元的价格再出口欧洲。按照传统的统计方法，中国对欧洲产生了170美元顺差，而欧洲和马来西亚之间并无贸易关系。按照附加值贸易统计法，马来西亚对欧洲产生了150美元顺差，而中国对欧洲只产生20美元顺差。

For example,Malaysia the export to China $150 of goods,In China for the goods after processing,With the price of 170 dollar exported to Europe again.According to the traditional statistical method,China had 170 dollar surplus in Europe,And Europe and between Malaysia and no trade relations.According to the added value trade statistics,Malaysia to Europe had 150 dollar surplus,China to Europe makes twenty dollars surplus.

　　由于全球形成产业链，一些工业制成品在生产过程中有可能多次跨越国界，而不再是原有意义上的出口和进口。按照传统统计方法，出口被视为有利于促进国内生产总值，而进口则对其是负贡献。但按照附加值贸易统计法，进口是出口的促进因素，在多数经济体中，大约1/3的进口都是为了出口。

Due to the formation of global industrial chain,Some manufactured goods in the process of production may have multiple across borders,And is no longer the meaning of the original import and export.According to the traditional statistical methods,Export is regarded as being beneficial to the promotion of the gross domestic product,And the import is negative contribution.But in accordance with the added value trade statistics,Import export stimuli,In most economies,About a third of the import to export.

　　WTO总干事拉米在去年举办的全球价值链研讨会上就曾表示，对价值链的研究会改变国际生产和贸易关系，各国的依存度不断增长，需要了解每个国家在全球经济和就业增长中所作的贡献。

WTO director-general lam in the last year, the global value chain conference had said,The study of the value chain to change the international production and trade relations,Countries growing dependence,Need to know about every country in the global economic and employment growth made contribution.

　　全新测算方法的两面性

A new method for calculating the sides

　　经合组织贸易政策高级分析师塞巴斯蒂安?米鲁多公开表示，即使附加值贸易测算法得到广泛应用，也只是一个工具，对各国贸易政策的制定以及国际贸易规则的制定发挥参考作用，并不能直接改变贸易政策或规则。

The oecd trade policy senior analysts Sebastian?MiLu more openly,Even if the added value trade measure method widely used,Also is just a tool,To the international trade policy formulation and the international trade rules for reference of the play,And can not directly change the trade policy or rules.

　　用附加值来测算国际贸易是一个新的统计方法，它固然有助于各国重新评估贸易失衡问题，但关于附加值贸易统计法的研究刚起步，仅涵盖了40个国家的18大产业。这一方法离最终得到国际公认和普遍采用还有很长的一段路要走。

With added value to measure the international trade is a new statistical method,It is help countries reassessment trade imbalances,But trade statistics about the added value of the research has just started,Covers only forty countries and industries.This method from finally to obtain the internationally recognized widely used and there is still a long way to go.

　　商务部研究院副研究员张莉认为，任何一种贸易测算新方法的出台都存在积极和消极的一面。“积极的方面主要是为国际贸易带来新的认识，目前经济全球化的崭新现象能够通过真实的数据表现出来。”但消极的一面也不容忽视。张莉认为，发达国家和发展中国家的贸易往来现状和经济发展阶段截然不同，发达国家已经处于后工业化时期，发展中国家还处于工业化中期阶段，因此二者不应该被放在统一的标准线进行测量。另外，她还提出，统计数据往往存在不够完全的问题，仅凭贸易数据测算得出结论是有所欠缺的。“全球贸易应该有更加科学的方式进行衡量，比如建立全球信息平台。目前全球贸易缺少统计机构，而且发展中国家的话语权也很少，西方经济学的理论一般不适用于发展中国家，这就需要更加有包容性的理论出现，建立贸易对话平台，充分尊重发展中国家的立场，这样才能促进全球贸易发展，毕竟未来合作发展是主趋势。”张莉对国际商报记者说。

The ministry of commerce research associate researcher ZhangLi think,Any kind of trade measure new method appearing in positive and negative side."The positive side is mainly for international trade bring new knowledge,The present economic globalization new phenomenon can through the real data show."But the negative side also nots allow to ignore.ZhangLi think,The developed countries and developing countries trade present situation and economic development of different stages,Developed countries have in the post-industrial age,Developing countries are in the middle stage of industrialization,So both should not be in the unified standard line measurement.In addition,She also put forward,Statistical data often have not enough complete problem,With only trade data test safely draw the conclusion that there is short."Global trade there should be a more scientific way to measure,Such as the creation of global information platform.At present the lack of global trade statistics institutions,And developing countries also little voice,The theory of western economics generally does not apply to developing countries,This needs more inclusive in theory,Establish trade dialogue platform,Fully respect the position of the developing countries,In order to promote the development of global trade,After all, the future cooperation and development is the main trend."ZhangLi on international business newspaper reporters.

　　“中国制造”亟待升级

"Made in China"To upgrade

　　美国赚取360美元，韩国和日本赚取46.46美元，中国仅赚取6.54美元，这是研究人员对一部苹果手机所做的利润拆解。依据类似思路，新的贸易测算方法以单个商品在全球生产链上不同经济体产生的附加值为基础进行贸易统计，而不仅仅统计各经济体的进出口账面数据。

The United States to earn $360,South Korea and Japan earn $46.46,China earn only $6.54,This is the researchers to a iphone do disassemble profits.Based on similar ideas,New trade measure method to a single commodity in the global production chain on the added value of different economies have the basis of trade statistics,Not only statistical economies book data import and export.

　　根据新方法，实际由外商赚取的价值，将从中国庞大的贸易顺差中被剥离出去，中国贸易顺差的账面数据将明显缩水。譬如，按照贸易测算新方法衡量，中国或许难保“头号出口大国”的头衔，却可更准确地估计自身在全球分工和贸易体系中的分量。

According to the new method,The actual value of the foreign earn,From China's huge trade surplus is stripping out,China's trade surplus will shrink the book data obviously.Such as,According to the trade measure new way to measure,China may be difficult to"Top exporter"title,But can be more accurate estimation of their own in the global division of labor and trade system in component.

　　中国企业软肋浮出水面

China enterprise soft rib surface

　　贸易测算新方法反映出，中国出口中近六成来自外商控股企业，缺乏核心技术、品牌仍是不少中国企业的致命弱点。同时我们不得不承认，中国众多行业仍旧徘徊在全球产业分工和价值链低端，不少地方经济增长仍有赖于廉价生产要素和量化扩张，面临不平衡、不可持续的难题。

Trade measure new methods reflect,China's exports nearly sixty percent from foreign holding enterprise,Lack of core technology/The brand is still a lot of Chinese enterprise's Achilles' heel.At the same time, we have to admit that,China's industries still wander in the global industrial division of labor and low value chain,A lot of local economic growth is still relies on cheap production elements and quantitative expansion,Face don't balance/Unsustainable problem.

　　经合组织在2012年的研究报告中就曾谈到，中国的私营企业占到了国内企业总数的71%，却只有4%的该类企业对研发进行投资。这是因为，96%的私营企业都是小型企业，它们通常非常年轻，可能管理经验不足，缺乏吸收、适应和创造新技术的能力。成功地管理创新流程需要资金和知识，它们对资金和知识的缺乏，阻碍了私营企业对创新和无形资产的投资。因此，关键在于，中国需要支持私营企业提高自身技术能力，扩大其在全球价值链下中国产业升级过程中所起到的作用。

The oecd in 2012 years of research report has talked about,China's private enterprises accounted for 71% of the total number of domestic enterprises,But only 4% of the enterprise to r&d investment.This is because,96% of the private enterprise is small business,They are usually very young,May management experience,Lack of absorption/Adapt and create new technical ability.Successfully manage the innovation process need money and knowledge,They lack of capital and knowledge,Hindered the private enterprise to the innovation and intangible assets investment.so,The key lies in,China needs to support private enterprises to improve their technical ability,To expand its global value chain in the industrial upgrading process effect of.

　　由此不难看出，中国必须从制造业大国向制造业强国转型，推动实业走上资本、技术和服务密集型轨道，创造更多具备核心竞争力的企业和具有自主知识产权的产品，且应更多鼓励中国企业积极结缘全球知识、技术和品牌等创新要素，使整个经济真正走上“创新驱动、内生增长”的轨道。

Thus it is easy to see,China must from a manufacturing country to manufacturing power transformation,To promote the industrial capital/Technology and service intensive orbit,Create more have the core competitiveness of enterprises and products with independent intellectual property rights,And should be more encouraging Chinese enterprises to actively become attached to the global knowledge/Technology and brand innovation such as elements,Make whole economy really step"Innovation drive/Endogenous growth"orbit.

　　力推技术创新

Push technology innovation

　　东莞劲胜精密组件股份有限公司负责人表示：“公司靠电子制造服务赚钱的毛利是很低的，唯一的办法就是做自己的产品和系统。我们正持续进行新的产品研发，产品正在由终端向系统解决方案、由设计低附加值的终端产品向提供高附加值的整体解决方案的方向转变。”

The dongguan strength - precision components co., LTD., officials say:"Companies rely on electronic manufacturing services profitable margin is very low,The only way is to do your own products and systems.We are for new product development,The product is the terminal to system solutions/By design low value-added terminal products to provide high value-added solution direction change."

　　不仅如此，据记者了解，公司正致力于把产品研发的时间缩短、把质量提高。经过多年行业的打磨和努力，公司多个具有领先技术的产品系列开发陆续完成，为未来三年海外市场的全面进入奠定了良好基础。

Not only that,According to reporter understanding,The company is committed to the product development time is shortened/To improve the quality.After years of industry grinding and hard work,More than the company has leading technology products series development were completed,For the next three years overseas markets into comprehensive laid a good foundation.

　　对此，白光裕向外贸企业建言，在我国劳动力传统优势逐渐走弱的情况下，可以选择的对策一是从发展劳动密集型产业中的资金和技术密集环节着手，逐步向“微笑曲线”两端转型升级，提高我国在国际产业分工中的位次，增加我国外贸出口附加值，形成我国外贸竞争新优势；二是在开发资金密集产品、技术密集产品时更加注重建立自己的销售渠道；三是对市场信息进行分析，选择目标市场，开展投资、营销等。

this,BaiGuangYu to foreign trade enterprise ",In our country the traditional advantage of labor force weaker cases,Can choose a countermeasures from the development of labor-intensive industries in the capital and technology intensive aspects,Gradually to"Smile curve"Ends the transformation and upgrading of,To improve our country in the international industrial division of labor in the seating arrangement,Increase our export added value,Our country foreign trade competition form new advantages;The second is in the development of capital intensive products/Technology intensive products pay more attention to set up their own sales channels;The third is to market information to carry on the analysis,Choose target market,Carry out investment/marketing.

　　中美顺差将“瘦身”

The surplus will"Thin body"

　　“这是一个产品，还是一项服务？”世贸组织总干事拉米近日在经合组织位于巴黎的总部举起一台苹果电脑问道。从外观来看，苹果电脑是一个产品，其价值可在国际贸易中体现，但它所隐含的服务却难以真实再现。这直接导致全球贸易测算新方法――附加值贸易测算法的推出。

"This is a product,Or a service?"The world trade organization (wto) director-general lam recently in the oecd is located in Paris headquarters lifted one apple computer asked.From the appearance to see,Apple computer is a product,Its value can be reflected in the international trade,But it implied service not true reappearance.This led directly to the global trade measure method, the added value of the new trade measure method of the launch.

　　中美贸易顺差大幅“瘦身”

Sino-us trade surplus greatly"Thin body"

　　中国向美国出口一部价值为100美元的智能手机，中国只产生了10~20美元的附加值，美国、新加坡等国也在这部手机的设计、芯片制造等环节产生了其他附加值。按照附加值贸易计算，由于使用了其他几个国家的原件和技术，所以当这个商品出口时，价格要分别计入几个国家的出口额，而不是全部出口值都计算在中国名下。

Chinese exports to the us a value of $100 smartphone,China produced only ten to twenty dollars value,The United States/Singapore and other countries are also in the mobile phone design/Chip manufacturing link produced other added value.According to the calculated value trade,Due to the use of several other country's original and technology,So when the commodity exports,Prices are included in several countries respectively exports,But not all export all calculations in the Chinese name.

　　这一实例表明，用附加值贸易测算法衡量双边和多边贸易更为合理。经合组织秘书长古里亚说，按照附加值测算，2009年中国对美贸易顺差大约减少25%，一个重要原因是美国附加值的进口占较大比重。可以说，这项数据研究将改写各国间贸易失衡的格局。

This case shows that,Trade with added value calculation method to measure the bilateral and multilateral trade is more reasonable.The oecd secretary-general kori and said,According to the added value calculation,In 2009, China's trade surplus with the us by about 25%,One important reason is the added value accounts for a bigger slice of import.Can say,The research data will rewrite the pattern of trade imbalances between countries.

　　商务部研究院专家白光裕表示，当前，传统的贸易统计方法已经无法真实地反映出各国参与国际分工的情况，存在零部件、中间产品重复计算问题，这无形中夸大了我国的外贸规模，造成我国与部分国家贸易顺差虚高。附加值贸易测算法一方面可以展现出各国附加值的真实规模；另一方面，也能使我们看到头号出口大国背后所隐藏的附加值较低的现实。

The ministry of commerce research institute experts BaiGuangYu said,The current,The traditional trade statistics method cannot reflect the countries participate in the international division of labor situation,Exist parts/Intermediate product repeated calculation problem,This virtually exaggerated scale of China's foreign trade,Cause our country and some countries trade surplus virtual high.Added value trade measure method on the one hand we can show the value of real world scale;On the other hand,Also can make us see top exporter hidden behind the added value of the reality of the low.

　　对于25%这个数字，中国对外贸易经济合作企业协会副会长蔡家祥认为，如果采用新的测算方法，美国对华逆差应该不止25%。“按照以前的方法，企业进料属于进口，加工出口属于出口，通过考查附加值的方法可以降低这个数值。目前中国加工贸易占外贸总量一半以上，因为来料、进料加工都被测算在内。本来加工贸易出口就不应该被算在对外贸易范畴，比如德国很早就弃用这种测算方法了。”

The number for 25%,China's foreign trade and economic cooperation enterprise vice chairman of the association CaiGuXiang think,If the new measuring method,The United States to China should be more than 25% deficit."According to the previous method,Enterprise feed belong to import,Export processing belongs to export,Through the test of the added value method can decrease the value.China's processing trade accounts for more than half the size of its foreign trade,For incoming/Feed processing are estimates,.Original export processing trade should not be counted in the category of foreign trade,Such as Germany have long abandoned this calculation method."

　　美国与世界贸易失衡亟须面对

The United States and the world trade imbalance is facing

　　“采用了新的测算方法，中美贸易金额将有所变化，但中美贸易依旧失衡，我国对美出口的很多产品并不完全是中国制造，世界很多工厂都设在中国，比如欧洲加工的产品大多并不返销欧洲，而是运往美国。所以，只能说美国和世界贸易发展失衡。”蔡家祥无奈地表示。

"Using a new method for calculating,Sino-us trade amount will change,But the sino-us trade imbalance is still,China exports to America a lot of product is not made in China,Many of the world factory are in China,Such as the European processing products does not buy back most of Europe,But shipped to the United States.so,Can only say that the United States and the world trade development imbalances."CaiGuXiang helplessly said.

　　当前，在世界经济不景气的背景下，许多国家为了保护本国制造业，便以解决贸易失衡的名义，大肆出台保护措施，不仅伤害贸易伙伴，更使得全球贸易环境雪上加霜。

The current,In the world under the background of economic recession,Many countries in order to protect domestic industry,Then in order to solve the name of the trade imbalances,Introduced a protective measures,Not only harm trade partner,More make global trade environment add insult to injury.

　　如果采用新的测算方法，可以更清晰地看出，贸易壁垒不仅对一个国家的竞争力产生巨大不利影响，而且有可能扰乱甚至中断国际产业链。由此产生的后果肯定是全球范围的经济生产活动大为减少，世界经济增长大幅下滑，各国和实行贸易保护主义的国家都会深受其害。因为全球同属一个产业链，任何国家都要参与到这一产业链中，贸易保护主义不仅将影响单个国家，还将损害全球产业链，甚至全球经济。

If the new measuring method,Can see more clearly,Trade barriers not only to a country's competitiveness has great adverse effect,And may disrupt even interrupt the international industrial chain.The resulting consequences must be global economic production activities is greatly reduced,A sharp slowdown in the growth of the world economy,Countries and protectionism country will suffer.Because the global belong to an industrial chain,Any country will participate in the industrial chain,Trade protectionism will not only affect individual countries,Will also damage the global industrial chain,And even the global economy.