按照进出口总额计算，中国2012年超过美国成为世界上最大的贸易国。这是1945年第二次世界大战结束之后，美国第一次失去全球商业霸主的地位。然而，从贸易利润来看，美国的贸易利润远远超过中国。这说明中国的进出口贸易质量不如美国。

According to the total import and export volume calculation,China's 2012 more than the United States as the world's largest trading nation.This is 1945 years after the end of the second world war,The first United States lose global business overlord position.however,Profit from trade to see,America's trade profit far more than China.This shows that China's import and export trade quality than the United States.

　　之所以会出现这种情况，是因为中国虽然是世界贸易大国，但却没有世界贸易规则的制定权。换句话说，在中美两国贸易关系中，中国处于绝对不利的地位。在世界贸易格局中，由于中国缺乏贸易规则制定权，因此，中国始终处于一种十分被动的地位。中国加入世界贸易组织之后，非但没有争取到平等的竞争地位，反而不断地被倾销和补贴的指控所困扰，中国企业在进军国际市场的过程中战战兢兢，步履维艰。之所以会出现这种局面，是因为当初中国在加入世界贸易组织的谈判中，没有争取到“市场经济地位”这样一个最起码的入门券，中国企业与其他国家企业发生贸易摩擦的时候，被迫采用“替代国进口价格”这样一个不公平不合理的计算方式，对付其他国家的反倾销反补贴的指控。现在，欧盟市场上已经很少能够看到中国出口的彩电产品。不仅如此，中国在海外投资领域也遭到越来越多的困扰，许多国家通过政治审查否决中国企业的投资项目。更令人难以置信的是，由于中国游客在世界其他国家大量购买奢侈品，导致这些国家针对中国制定了特殊的歧视性价格。现在中国消费者在海外购买知名品牌产品价格越来越高，中国消费者暴发户的形象正在深深地印入其他国家公民脑海之中。

The reason for causing this kind of situation,Because although China is the world trade country,But without the world trade rules set right.In other words,In sino-us trade relations,China is in absolute disadvantage position.In the world trade pattern,Because of China's lack of trade rules set right,so,China has always in a very passive position.After China's accession to the world trade organization,Not only did not get equal competitive position,It is constantly dumping and subsidies by the accused,Chinese enterprises in the international market in the process of the jitter,Dot and carry one.The reason for causing this situation,Because at the beginning in China joined the world trade organization talks,Not getting"Market economy status"Such a minimal introduction note,Chinese enterprises and other national enterprise happen when the trade friction,Are being forced to use"TiDaiGuo import prices"Such an unfair not reasonable calculation method,Against other countries anti-dumping countervailing charges.now,The European Union already on the market can rarely see China's export color TV products.Not only that,China's overseas investment fields was also more and more trouble,Many countries through the political review veto China enterprise investment project.More incredible is,Because of Chinese tourists in any other country in the world a lot of buy luxury goods,Lead to these countries in China established special discriminatory price.Now Chinese consumers to buy in the overseas well-known brand product price is more and more high,Chinese consumers nouveau riche image are deeply printed into other citizens in mind.

　　当前，中国贸易进出口增长的势头正在下降，这一方面是因为中国吸引外资政策发生改变，外商企业在中国直接投资获取的利润越来越低；另一方面则是因为中国正面临越来越多的非贸易投资限制，贸易保护主义正在以极端的方式表现出来，中国企业在对外贸易方面正在面临前所未有的困境。如果中国政府不能充分发挥自己的政治影响力，尽可能地在世界贸易组织框架内，促进贸易自由化，通过制定双边和多边协议改善中国的对外贸易环境，那么，中国的进出口企业将会受到极大的影响。

The current,China's trade import and export growth momentum is going down,On the one hand because China to attract foreign investment policy change,Foreign enterprise to invest directly in China get profit more and more low;On the other hand it is because China is facing more and more non-trade investment restrictions,Trade protectionism is in extreme way,Chinese enterprises in the field of foreign trade are facing unprecedented predicament.If the Chinese government does not give full play to their own political influence,As far as possible in the world trade organization framework,Promote trade liberalization,By formulating bilateral and multilateral agreements to improve China's foreign trade environment,so,China's import and export enterprises would be greatly influence.

　　美国虽然成为世界上第二大贸易出口国，但是，美国仍然对中国采取严厉的出口限制措施。最近，美国政府借口涉嫌出口大规模杀伤性武器，因而在世界范围内对一些中国企业采取包括冻结账户等一系列制裁措施。这说明美国并不担忧中国的贸易总额超过美国，恰恰相反，美国正在力求通过制定特殊的贸易规则，改变自己在国际贸易中的地位，而中国政府面对美国咄咄逼人的姿态似乎有些束手无策。

Though the United States to become the world's second largest trade exporter,but,The United States to China still take stringent export restrictions.recently,The United States government excuse suspected export weapons of mass destruction,So the world range of some Chinese enterprise take including frozen account and a series of sanctions.This shows that the United States does not concern China's total trade more than the United States,On the contrary,The United States is trying to by formulating special trade rules,Change yourself in the position in the international trade,And the Chinese government in the face of the aggressive attitude seems to be some at a loss what to do.

　　在世界贸易发展史上，曾经出现过许多经典的理论。重商主义者认为，贸易的目的是为了赚取真金白银，只要能给国家带来大量的黄金和白银，那么，国家的贸易政策就是有效的。现在越来越多的国家意识到，由于黄金和白银作为一般等价物的地位逐步下降，贸易的目的应该是改善本国的经济结构，或者说是为本国经济的发展服务，因此，他们并不追求贸易顺差，而是希望从贸易中获得更多的利益。正因为如此，美国国会议员们一方面念念叨叨中美之间存在着巨大的贸易逆差，可是，另一方面却没有采取任何措施缩小中美之间的贸易逆差。其中的道理非常简单，中美之间的贸易逆差不仅给美国经济的发展带来了实实在在的利益，从中国进口日用消费品，不仅大幅度地降低了美国市场的价格，从而使普通美国人从中获得巨大的利益，而且由于中国使用贸易顺差带来的巨额美元外汇，大幅度地购买美国国债，从而使美国可以继续实行庞大的财政赤字政策，维持美国的福利水平，让普通美国人从中受益。

In the history of world trade,There have been many classical theory.Mercantilist think,Trade the purpose is to earn real gold and silver,As long as can give countries brought a lot of gold and silver,so,The country's trade policy is effective.Now more and more countries have realized,Due to the gold and silver as a general equivalent position step down,The purpose of the trade should be to improve its economic structure,Or is it for its economic development services,so,They do not pursue trade surplus,But hope from trade to be more interests.Because of this,U.S. lawmakers on one hand on pronouncing between China and the United States there was a huge trade deficit,but,On the other hand, did not take any measures to reduce the trade deficit between China and the United States.The reason is very simple,Sino-us trade deficit is not only to the United States the development of economy has brought tangible benefits,Imports from China Daily consumer goods,Not only greatly reduce the price of the market in the United States,So that ordinary americans get huge profits,And because of China's trade surplus use of millions of dollars in foreign exchange,Greatly to buy us treasuries,So that the United States can continue to implement the huge fiscal deficit policy,Maintain the welfare level,Let ordinary americans benefit from it.

　　可见，追求贸易绝对数量对于一个国家的经济增长并没有多大的好处。当然，从对外贸易发展的角度来看，没有一定的数量就很难保证一定的质量。可是，当数量增加到一定程度之后，确保外贸的质量，明确贸易的目标才是问题的核心所在。中国领导人多次表示，不追求大量的贸易顺差，继续实行贸易平衡的政策。现在看来，这与其说是一个成熟的对外贸易政策，不如说是一个外交性的宣传姿态。不论是贸易顺差还是贸易逆差，都不足以反映一个国家贸易的本质。从表面上来看，美国潜伏着巨大的贸易危机，大量的贸易顺差可能给美国带来不确定因素，但是，由于美国从贸易逆差中获得了巨大的利益，美国政府正在从容地享受贸易逆差所带来的各种“红利”。

visible,The pursuit of absolute number of trade for a country's economic growth and there is not much good.Of course,From the point of view of the development of foreign trade,No certain quantity is difficult to guarantee quality.but,When the number increased to a certain degree later,To ensure the quality of foreign trade,Clear the goal of trade is the key of the problem.Chinese leaders have repeatedly said,Not the pursuit of a large number of trade surplus,Continue to implement the policy of the trade balance.Now it seems,This is not so much a mature foreign trade policy,Rather than a foreign of promotional attitude.Whether the trade surplus or trade deficit,Are not enough to reflect a country the essence of the trade.On the face of it,The United States to run a huge trade latent crisis,A large number of trade surplus may America bring uncertainty factors,but,Due to the United States from the trade deficit in a great benefits,The United States government is easy to enjoy trade deficit brought about by the various"bonus".

　　过去我们在分析其他国家贸易政策的时候，总是从传统的资源禀赋理论出发，认为比较优势理论是推动一个国家贸易发展的核心理论。现在看来，影响一个国家贸易数量和质量的，不仅仅是资源禀赋或者比较优势，而是一个国家的贸易政策以及贸易政策所关联的财政政策和货币政策。假如没有看到美国贸易政策的核心价值，没有对美国贸易在经济发展中的促进作用进行全面的评估，那么，就会盲目地陷入到贸易顺差的狂喜之中。事实上，中国对美国的贸易顺差已经成为中国的麻烦，如果中国不能在扩大贸易数量的基础上提高质量，从对外贸易特别是对美贸易中获得更多的利益，那么，中国的外贸政策就是失败的。中国对外贸易数量的增加，非但不会改善中国的经济结构，造福于普通中国居民，反而会给中国经济的发展带来严重的危害。（作者系中南财经政法大学廉政研究院院长、经济法教授）

In the past we have on the analysis of other countries trade policy,Always from the traditional endowment of resources theory,Think the theory of comparative advantage is to promote a national trade development core theory.Now it seems,Influence a national trade quantity and quality,Not only is the endowment of resources or comparative advantage,But a country's trade policy and trade policy relevance fiscal policy and monetary policy.If did not see the American trade policy core value,No trades to the United States in the economic development of the promoting effect of comprehensive evaluation,so,Will blindly into a trade surplus of ecstasy.In fact,China's trade surplus with the United States has become China's trouble,If China can't expand trade based on the number of improve quality,From foreign trade especially for American trade gain more benefit,so,China's foreign trade policy is a failure.China's foreign trade amount of increase,Not only won't improve the economic structure of China,In the service of ordinary Chinese people,It will give the development of China's economy bring serious harm.(The central finance and economics university of politics and law department of the institute/Economic law professor)