为什么中国人勤劳而不富有？从国际贸易的角度看，这个问题就变成了：为什么中国贸易总量那么大，但从中挣得的利润却并不高？

Why the Chinese are not rich and hardworking?From the perspective of international trade,This becomes a problem:Why China's trade volume so big,But to earn profit is not high?

　　联合国贸易和发展会议(UNCTAD)本周三发布的一份报告，为回答后一个问题提供了一种视角。根据其新开发的全球价值链(GVC)数据库和相应的统计方法，中国从本国的出口总值中仅获得七成，这一获益水平在全球25个主要出口经济体中仅处中游，显著低于俄罗斯(91%)、印度(90%)、美国(89%)、巴西(87%)、澳大利亚(87%)、沙特阿拉伯(86%)和日本(82%)，但是高于德国(63%)。

The United Nations conference on trade and development(UNCTAD)A report released on Wednesday,To answer the question after provides a perspective.According to the new development of the global value chain(GVC)The database and the corresponding statistical methods,China secured only seventy percent from its own exports,This benefit levels around the world just in the middle reaches of 25 major export economy,Significantly lower than Russia(91%)/India(90%)/The United States(89%)/Brazil(87%)/Australia(87%)/Saudi Arabia(86%)And Japan(82%),But higher than German(63%).

　　这一中等的获益水平反映了中国贸易出口加工占比高、在全球分工中的独特性低、附加值不高等特点。

A moderate levels reflect China's export processing trade proportion is high/In the uniqueness of the global division of labor is low/Added value is not high.

　　而记者采访的专家则指出，中国服务贸易发展程度低，在价值链视角对货物贸易和服务贸易一视同仁的情况下，中国的跛足贸易格局“现原形”也在情理之中。

Experts and journalists were pointed out,Low degree of China's service trade development,In the perspective of value chain under the condition of trade in goods and services trade equally,China's trade patterns is lame"It is"Is understandable.

　　消除重复统计 

Eliminating repetitive statistics 

　　传统的海关进出口统计方法，隐藏着大量重复计算，导致全球贸易数据“虚高”。

The traditional customs import and export statistics method,Hides a lot of double counting,Led to the global trade data"Artificially high".

　　例如一部苹果手机在中国加工、组装，再到国外市场上出售，按照传统方法，它的187.51美元出厂价(2010年)全部计入中国出口总值。可实际上，这部手机卖得的187.51美元中，有20.75美元归中国台湾，16.08美元归德国，80.05美元归韩国，22.88美元归美国，47.75美元归日本等等，分别为这些国家和地区所提供产品和服务的价值。

Processing such as an iphone in China/The assembly,To sell to foreign markets,According to the traditional method,The factory price $187.51(In 2010,)All included in the value of China's exports.But as a matter of fact,This mobile phone to sell $187.51,We have Chinese Taiwan back $20.75,$16.08 return to Germany,$80.05 return to South Korea,$22.88 to us,$47.75 return to Japan, and so on,These countries and region respectively the value of the products and services provided.

　　在中国把整机销售额计入出口总值的同时，其他有关国家同时也把它们贡献的产品和服务计入各自的出口数据，在跨国公司和全球化生产大行其道的背景下，这种分头统计造成全球贸易统计中大量的重复计算。

The machine included in the gross export sales in China at the same time,Other countries as well as their contribution to the export of products and services included in the respective data,Under the background of multinational companies and globalization produce is popular,This kind of separate statistics cause global trade statistics in a lot of double counting.

　　为了消除重复计算，更真实地反映全球贸易格局，UNCTAD引入了GVC统计方法，并建立了相关数据库。而在稍早前(1月16日)，经济合作与发展组织(OECD)与世界贸易组织(WTO)也推出了全球贸易测算新方法——附加值测算法。两种测算方法可谓异曲同工，不谋而合。

In order to eliminate the repeated calculation,More real to reflect the global trade patterns,UNCTAD GVC statistical method is introduced,And associated database is established.In the earlier(On January 16),The organization for economic cooperation and development(The OECD)With the world trade organization (wto)(The WTO)Also introduced a new method to measure global trade - added value calculation method.Two methods of measuring the same reaction,Coincides with mine.

　　以GVC为例，它把一件货物各个环节的附加值分别计算，一件货物从原料、加工、制造、终端销售的整个过程，同时也是在原料供应国、加工国、制造国、销售国贸易的过程。在统计各国价值贡献的时候，某国在相应环节为某货物增加价值称为本国附加值，而各国出口货物中由上游其他国家提供的附加值则成为外国附加值。这样一来，每个国家(地区)出口货物中本国附加值和外国附加值的比例就反映了该国(地区)的贸易获益率。

In GVC, for example,It put a goods the added value of each link are calculated respectively,A piece of the goods from the raw material/processing/manufacturing/The whole process of the terminal sales,At the same time also is in the raw material supplier/Processing of the/manufacturer/Sold trade process.When statistical countries value contribution,China in the corresponding link for a certain value known as its value added to the goods,And countries by upstream in other countries to provide the added value of export goods became foreign value-added.In this way,In every country(region)Exports of goods in the country, value added and the proportion of added value is reflected in foreign country(region)The rate of trade benefit.

　　不论是GVC，还是附加值测算法，都会让我们看到一个完全不同的国际贸易格局，也会让我们明白，为什么中国的货物贸易总值已经全球第一，但中国还不是一个真正的贸易强国。

Whether in GVC,Or added value calculation method,Will let us see a completely different pattern of international trade,Also let us know,Why China's total trade in goods has the world's first,But China is not a real trading powers.

　　破解中国获益不高之谜

To crack China benefit is not high

　　据UNCTAD分析，有三种因素决定一国(地区)的获益率，分别为经济总量(依赖外国附加值的程度)、价值链地位(上游还是下游)和经济结构及出口模式。

According to UNCTAD analysis,There are three factors that determine a country(region)The benefit of rate,Economic aggregate respectively(Degree of dependence on foreign value-added)/The value chain position(Upstream or downstream)And the economic structure and the export model.

　　经济大国如美国和日本，倾向于依赖本国供应链，因此其获益率较高。资源大国如俄罗斯和沙特阿拉伯，由于主要提供能源等初级产品，因此其出口几乎全是本国附加值。而以软件等高附加值产业为主的印度获益率也较高。

Economic powers such as America and Japan,Tend to rely on their own supply chain,So the profit rate is higher.Resource-rich countries such as Russia and Saudi Arabia,Due mainly to provide energy and other primary products,So its exports were almost all their added value.Which is mainly composed of software high value-added industries and profit rate is higher in India.

　　UNCTAD特别分析了中国的情况，认为中国一方面是一个庞大的经济体，其国内供应链日益完善，但另一方面承担了大量加工贸易，同时是电子产品的重要出口者。由于加工贸易高度依赖进口，电子产业又是全球分工最细的产业，中国的本国附加值占比处于中游也就不足为奇了。

UNCTAD especially the situation in China were analyzed,Think China is a large economies,The domestic supply chain is becoming more and more perfect,But on the other hand take a large amount of processing trade,At the same time is an important exporters of electronic products.Due to the processing trade is highly dependent on imports,Electronic industry is one of the most fine industry in the global division of labor,In the middle of China's domestic value-added accounted it is not surprising.

　　根据海关总署上月公布的数据，2012年，我国加工贸易进出口13439.5亿美元，增长3%，占我国外贸总值的34.8%。其中出口8627.8亿美元，增长3.3%；进口4811.7亿美元，增长2.4%。加工贸易项下顺差3816.1亿美元，扩大4.5%。

According to customs data released last month,In 2012,,China's processing trade import and export of us $1.34395 trillion,Growth of 3%,About 34.8% of the total cost of the our country foreign trade.$862.78 billion of exports,Growth of 3.3%;Imported us $481.17 billion,Growth of 2.4%.Under processing trade surplus of $381.61 billion,To expand by 4.5%.

　　公平看待贸易失衡

Fair trade imbalances

　　以这一视角，可以更加公平地看待贸易不平衡问题。

In this view,Can be more fair view of the trade imbalance.

　　商务部副部长蒋耀平曾在一次内部会议中，列举中国加工贸易第一大出口产品、逆差第一大类产品的笔记本电脑。他指出虽然全球95%的笔记本电脑在中国国内组装制造，但是从利润分布情况来看，中国的代工企业仅占5%~10%，而其他掌握核心元器件国家(地区)的利润率则在50%~80%。

Vice commerce minister jiang yaoping once during an internal meeting,The first big export products listed China's processing trade/Deficit in the first category of notebook computer.He pointed out that although 95% of the world's notebook computers in China's domestic assembly manufacturing,But from the profit distribution,China's foundry enterprises accounted for only 5% ~ 10%,And other countries. To master the core components(region)Profit margins in the 50% ~ 50%.

　　“从加工贸易的笔记本电脑一项，可以看到获利最大的是谁。加工贸易的顺差产生在中国，利益在全球分享。美国凭借技术、标准和软件的垄断，占据价值链的制高点，应该是在上、中、下游各个环节获得了利润。”蒋耀平说，“日本、韩国、中国台湾将顺差转移到中国大陆以后，也获得了利益。而我们只是在组装、加工环节获得了利益，从这里可以看到，贸易顺差(及总额)没有简单反映每个国家和地区的实际利益格局。”

"From the processing trade of a notebook computer,Who is the one who can see the biggest profit.The processing trade surplus produce in China,Interests in global share.America relies on technology/Standard and software monopoly,Occupy the high ground of the value chain,Should be in the/In the/Downstream of the each link at a profit."Jiang yaoping said,"Japan/In South Korea/China's Taiwan will shift the surplus to China later,Also get the benefits.And we are only in the assembly/Processing links acquired interests,You can see from here,The trade surplus(And the total amount)There is no easy to reflect the actual interests of every country and pattern."

　　中国商务部国际贸易谈判代表兼副部长高虎城也在今年9月举行的“全球价值链国际研讨会”论坛上评论说，现行的国际贸易统计方法无法准确反映生产全过程，在经济全球化的贸易环境下，原产地规则一定程度上误导了贸易平衡的人士，忽视了其他国家对产品的贡献，造成组装国贸易额的高估。

The ministry of commerce of China international trade representative & vice minister of commerce gao hucheng also held in September this year"International symposium on global value chain"Comments on BBS,The current international trade statistical methods can not accurately reflect the production process,Under the environment of economic globalization of trade,Rules of origin to a certain extent misguided trade balance,Ignore other country's contribution to the product,Due to assembly the overestimate of trade.

　　更有趣的是，如果用价值链方式计算，按照为中国进出口产品提供零部件和服务的各个国家细分计算，可把中国对美国的贸易顺差缩窄四分之一。

Even more interesting is,If calculated in value chain mode,According to provide parts and services for China import and export products each country breakdown computation,Can bring China's trade surplus narrowed for the quarter.

　　政策思考

Policy thinking

　　新的视角可以为一些政策建议提供佐证。

New perspective can provide some policy recommendations.

　　UNCTAD投资与企业司司长詹晓宁对本报表示，中国应该加快发展服务贸易。尽管服务贸易在全球出口总额中仅占20%左右，但服务部门贡献了全球出口增值部分的近一半(46%)，原因是大多数出口产品在生产过程中均大量使用各种服务。实际上，跨国公司的全球生产网络日益朝着提供更多的生产性服务产品方向发展。全球外国直接投资总存量中60%以上都是服务业投资，而制造业和第一产业的外国直接投资仅分别占26%和7%。发达国家和发展中国家的情况均类似。

UNCTAD's investment and enterprise James zhan told the newspaper,China should speed up the development of trade in services.Although service trade accounts for only about 20% in the total export around the world,But the service sector contributed to global export value of nearly half(46%),Reason is that most exports are heavily used in the production process a variety of services.In fact,Multinational company's global production networks increasingly towards the productive service products to provide more development.Global foreign direct investment more than 60% in the total stock are services,And the manufacturing and the first industry of foreign direct investment is only 26% and 7% respectively.Developed and developing countries are similar.

　　对外经贸大学副校长赵忠秀也对本报称，虽然中美在货物贸易总额上，已经十分接近，但中国与美国在服务贸易领域的差距，仍然不是一个数量级。从公开数据来看，美国大致为14000亿美元，而中国官方统计，综合下来，则为4000亿~5000亿美元。且由于中国服务贸易数据统计方式较为落后，口径较多，仅从公开数据本身还不足以说明此种差距。

Foreign economic and trade university vice-chancellor Zhao Zhongxiu also for the newspaper said,Although China and the United States on the total trade in goods,Has been very close,But the difference of China and the United States in the field of trade in services,Is still not an order of magnitude.From the point of public data,The United States roughly $1.4 trillion,While China's official statistics,Comprehensive down,For $400 billion to $500 billion.And because of China's service trade statistics method is relatively backward,Diameter is more,Only from the data itself is not sufficient to illustrate this difference in public.