近两年，正当多哈贸易谈判受阻之际，以TPP（跨太平洋(601099,股吧)伙伴关系协议）谈判、美欧自贸区谈判为代表的全球新一轮贸易谈判却在如火如荼的展开。美国正试图建立一个新的连接横跨大西洋(600558,股吧)和太平洋的全球经济贸易框架，并凭借其自身的规则优势开启国际贸易体系的新主导权之争。

In the past two years,As the doha round of trade negotiations stalled,In the TPP(Across the Pacific(601099,stocks)Partnership agreement)negotiations/Fta talks in the us and Europe as a representative of a new round of global trade talks is in full swing.America is trying to set up a new connection across the Atlantic(600558,stocks)Global economic and trade framework, and the Pacific,And with its own advantages on control system of the new international trade rules.

　　继美国推动TPP谈判之后，美国和欧盟自由贸易谈判进程即将重新启动。美国总统奥巴马第二任任期刚刚开始，就在国情咨文中宣布将与欧盟建立跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系（TTIP），而欧盟委员会同时也宣布，欧盟与美国已就尽快启动双边自由贸易协定谈判达成一致，并称双方将努力在今年6月底之前启动谈判。根据双方圈定的时间表，美欧FTA的谈判将在两年之内完成。美欧的双边贸易发展空间的确较大，目前美欧国家财富占据全球一半，但贸易额却只占全球1／3。数据显示，美国对欧洲的投资是对亚洲投资的3倍，而欧洲对美国的投资是对中国和印度投资总和的8倍。一旦这项自贸协定完成，美欧自贸区范围将覆盖全球经济产出规模的一半，成为全球规模最大的自由贸易区。

After the United States promote the TPP negotiations,The United States and the European Union free trade negotiation process is restarted.U.S. President barack Obama's second term has just started,Has announced that it is in the state of the union and the European Union set up the transatlantic trade and investment partnerships(TTIP),The commission also announced,The European Union and the us have agreed launch bilateral free trade agreement negotiations as soon as possible,Said that both sides will try to start the negotiations before the end of June.Contoured according to the schedule,The FTA negotiations in the us and Europe will be completed within two years.Bilateral trade development space is larger in the us and Europe,At present the wealth of nations in the us and Europe account for half the world,But only one-third of the global trade volume.According to data,America's investment is to invest in Asia to Europe 3 times,And European investments in the United States is eight times the size of investment in China and India combined.Once the free trade agreement is finished,The trade between the us and Europe scope will cover half of the scale of global economic output,Become the world's largest free trade area.

　　事实上，从上世纪90年代开始，大西洋两岸就开始讨论建立美欧自由贸易区的问题，但都因分歧严重或双方对世贸组织的高度关注而搁置。但为何美国在此时如此积极地推动美欧自贸区谈判呢？表面上看，多哈谈判屡屡受挫将美国政府的视线更多转向区域性自贸谈判。近年来，由于世界贸易组织多哈回合谈判陷入僵局，区域经济一体化加速发展，以自由贸易协定为主的区域贸易安排不断涌现。2008年，由于发达国家与发展中国家在农产品市场准入领域中的冲突越来越尖锐导致多哈谈判以失败告终，美国等发达国家开始放弃“大而全”的目标，开始把焦点放在重点产业特别是服务业、能源和环境技术以及在亚洲等新兴经济体有庞大市场的消费领域。但更深层次的原因则是美国欲推动经济转型，并重夺国际贸易规则制定的主导权。

In fact,,Since the 1990 s,On both sides of the Atlantic began to discuss the problem of establishing free trade area in the us and Europe,But because of disagreement or both high attention of the world trade organization (wto) on hold.But why is America so at this time to actively promote free trade negotiations in the us and Europe?On the surface,The doha negotiations frustrated to the line of sight of the us government more to regional free trade negotiation.In recent years,Due to the world trade organization (wto) doha round negotiations are deadlocked,Accelerate the development of regional economic integration,Is given priority to with the free trade agreement of regional trade arrangement.In 2008,,Due to the developed countries and developing countries increasingly sharp conflict in the field of agricultural products market access has led the doha round of negotiations ended in failure,The United States and other developed countries began to give up"Instead of"The goal of,Began to focus on key industries, especially in services/Energy and environmental technologies, as well as in Asia and other emerging economies have a large consumption market.But the deeper reason is the United States to promote the economic transformation,Pay equal attention to seize the control of international trade rules.

　　奥巴马的连任无疑有助于其实现对内提高美国经济竞争力、扶植新的经济增长点，对外加强与盟友合作，实施“经济外交”的战略构想。对内方面，美国必须从“债务依赖”的模式中走出来，为此，美国不遗余力地确保能在新一轮产业革命中取胜。一方面美国依托“能源独立”战略和非常规油气的大规模开发，有望成为与中东比肩的全球能源高地。另一方面，在“再工业化”战略的推动下，美国加紧在全球新产业中的布局，试图构筑先发制人的优势。对外方面，美国政府抛出了两大主张：一是形成以美国为主导的亚太关系新格局，加强地区多边机构、发展双边伙伴合作、建设同盟关系；二是在力促“贸易扩展”与提高“自由、开放和公平贸易”的标准，推动下一代贸易投资以及供应链建设。

Barack Obama's re-election undoubtedly contribute to its implementation internally to improve the competitive ability of the U.S. economy/To foster new economic growth point,To strengthen cooperation with Allies abroad,Implementation of the"Economic diplomacy"The strategic vision of.Internal aspects,The United States must be from"Debt dependence"Patterns emerge,To do this,The us spare no effort to ensure that can win in a new round of industrial revolution.On the one hand, relying on the United States"Energy independence"Strategy and the large-scale development of unconventional oil and gas,Global energy highland is expected to be on a par with the Middle East.On the other hand,In the"And industrialization"Driven strategy,The United States stepped up efforts to in the layout of the new industry in the world,Trying to build preemptive advantage.External aspects,The U.S. government throws two claims:Formed a new pattern dominated by the United States asia-pacific relations,Strengthening regional multilateral institutions/Developing bilateral partnership/Construction of the alliance;Second, in push"Trade expansion"With the increase"free/Open and fair trade"The standard,Promote the construction of next-generation trade and investment as well as the supply chain.

　　在这样的大背景下，无论是TPP谈判还是刚刚宣布的美欧自贸谈判，或是此前的40多项服务谈判，都是美国希望构筑全球贸易新体制，重夺规则主导权的重要一环。以TPP为例，我们已经看到这种新贸易规则的发展趋势。TPP被称之为是“立足于下一代”的贸易新体制，它有别于一般性的自贸协定，TPP定位于高标准和更全面。以往大多数自贸区协议主要限于降低商品关税，促进服务贸易，很少涉及劳工和环境保护。而TPP不仅将规定取消或降低商品的关税，还将涵盖安全标准、技术贸易壁垒、动植物卫生检疫、竞争政策、知识产权、政府采购、争端解决，以及有关劳工和环境保护的规定，标准之高和覆盖领域之广远超一般自贸区协议。相关信息显示，此次美欧自贸协定谈判同样将围绕新规则制定展开，规格非常高。比如，要求尽可能取消跨大西洋贸易领域工业品和农产品全部关税；进一步开放服务市场；加强在公共采购、政策制定领域的合作；在竞争、贸易便利化、劳工、环境和知识产权等领域制定最新规则等。一旦谈判达成，美欧将会在知识产权、劳工标准等方面制定新的规则，这对想进入美欧市场的企业来说无疑提高了“门槛”。另一方面，由于自贸区具有对内开放、对外限制的特征，因此，在美欧之间贸易壁垒降低的同时，对区外经济体则构成更高的壁垒，会产生贸易转移的效果，而这也意味着中国对美出口将面临欧盟的竞争压力，对欧盟出口将面临来自美国的竞争压力。

In this context,Whether the TPP negotiations or have just announced that the us and Europe since the trade negotiation,Or after more than 40 services negotiations,Is the United States wants to build new system of global trade,Regain control rules is important one annulus.Taking an example of the TPP,We have seen the development trend of this kind of new trade rules.The TPP is called"Based on the next generation"The new trade system,It is different from the general of the fta,The TPP positioning to high standards and more comprehensive.Before most of the free trade agreement is mainly limited to lower tariffs on goods,Promote the trade in services,Rarely on labor and environmental protection.And the TPP will cancel or not only lower the tariff on goods,Will also cover the safety standards/Technical barriers to trade/Animal and plant health inspection and quarantine/Competition policy/Intellectual property rights/Government procurement/Dispute settlement,As well as the regulations on labor and environmental protection,Standard high and covering the broad sweep of general free trade agreement.Information display,The fta negotiations between the U.S. and around the new rules also will unfold,Specifications are very high.Such as the,Requirements as much as possible to cancel the transatlantic trade all tariffs on manufactured goods and agricultural products;To further open services markets;Strengthen in public procurement/Cooperation in the field of policy making;In the competition/Trade facilitation/labor/Environment and intellectual property rights in areas such as making new rules, etc.Once negotiated,Will be in intellectual property rights in the us and Europe/Labor standards for new rules,The enterprises who want to get into the us and Europe market is increased"threshold".On the other hand,Because the free trade area has open inward/External characteristic of the limit,so,At the same time of barriers to trade between the us and Europe to reduce,A higher barriers to zone economies,Will result in trade diversion,But it also means that China's exports to the us will face pressure of competition in the European Union,Exports to the eu will face competitive pressure from the United States.

　　全球正在发生新的贸易格局的变化，以美国为主导的发达国家开始发力与重构全球贸易新规则。面对美国等发达经济体的“规则优势”，中国必须加快自由贸易区谈判的步伐，积极挑战美国等国家的新规则，在货物贸易、服务贸易、投资等领域，适当提高自由化标准，倒逼中国的市场壁垒，破除体制机制障碍，以竞争带动产业尽快升级。（作者系国家信息中心预测部世界经济研究室副主任）

The global is changing new trade patterns,Dominated by the developed countries began to new power and reconstruction of global trade rules.In the face of the United States and other developed economies"Rules of the advantage",China must speed up the pace of the free trade area negotiations,Actively challenge the new rules of the United States and other countries,Trade in goods/Trade in services/Investment in areas such as,Properly increasing liberalization of standards,Reversed transmission barriers to China's market,Break institutional barriers,Competition to stimulate industrial upgrading as soon as possible.(The author is the state information center forecast, deputy director of research department of the world economy)