苹果公司有望在今年9月中旬推出新一代iPhone，即iPhone5。对众多“果粉”而言这无疑是一件值得期待的盛事。 

Apple is expected to launch in September this year in the middle of a new generation of iPhone，That is iPhone5。To many“Fruit powder”It is undoubtedly a worth looking forward to event。 

　　对苹果公司而言，中国已经成为仅次于美国的第二大销售市场。2012年第二季度，iPhone占据中国智能手机市场的17.3%。然而，苹果公司与中国的渊源远不止于此。在中国大地上，有诸多的公司与“大苹果”建立了代工合作关系，包括著名的台资企业富士康公司，为苹果公司制造产品的中国工人超过70万。 

The apple company is concerned，China has become the second largest after the United States sales market。The second quarter of 2012，IPhone occupy 17.3% of Chinese intelligence mobile phone market。however，Apple company and China's origin is far more than that。In China on the earth，With so many companies and“Big apple”Established the OEM cooperation，Including the famous taiwan-owned enterprise foxconn company，For apple production more than 700000 Chinese workers。 

　　中国是iPhone全球生产链中重要的一环。根据亚洲开发银行研究人员的描绘，整个iPhone的生产链大致如下：苹果公司这家极具活力的美国企业负责设计和营销，而iPhone生产的其余部分几乎全放在美国境外，主要由9家公司承担。其中，东芝(微博)（Toshiba）、三星(微博)（Samsung）、英飞凌（Infineon）、博通（Broadcom）、恒忆（Numunyx）、村田（Murata）、戴乐格半导体（DialogSemiconductor）和凌云逻辑（CirrusLogic）等来自日本、韩国、德国和美国的大公司提供主要零部件，然后所有零部件汇集到位于深圳的富士康公司（Foxconn）加工组装成最终产品，并运往全世界销售。显然，代工是中国在整个iPhone生产链条中扮演的主要角色。 

China is iPhone global production chain the important one link in。According to the Asian development bank and the description of the researchers，The whole production iPhone roughly as follows：Apple this vibrant American enterprise is responsible for the design and marketing，And the rest of the production iPhone almost exclusively on outside the United States，Mainly consists of nine company to undertake。the，Toshiba(Micro bo)（Toshiba）、samsung(Micro bo)（Samsung）、infineon（Infineon）、broadcom（Broadcom）、Constant have（Numunyx）、murata（Murata）、DaiLeGe semiconductor（DialogSemiconductor）And lingyun logic（CirrusLogic）Etc from Japan、South Korea、Germany and the United States of big companies to provide the main components，Then all the parts together to located in shenzhen foxconn company（Foxconn）Processing assembly into the final product，To the world and sales。obviously，OEM is China in the whole production chain iPhone plays the main role。 

　　那么，代工苹果到底给中国带来多大的利益呢？上述报告显示，一个iPhone(3G)的出口价值大约为179美元，在中国组装的支出在6.5美元左右。也就是说，一个iPhone手机在中国的价值增值大约占其出口价格的3.6%。 

so，OEM apple really bring to China? How much interest？The report shows，A iPhone(3 g)Export value is about 179 dollars，In China the assembly spending in the $6.5 or so。That is，A mobile phone iPhone in China about the value added of the export prices 3.6%。 

　　3.6%的增值率到底高不高呢？根据哥伦比亚大学魏尚进教授和美国国际贸易委员会几位研究者的联合分析，中国出口总额中国内创造的部分是50%左右，并且其数值随贸易方式和行业的差异而有所不同。具体而言，加工贸易出口国内附加值比率是20%，一般贸易国内附加值比率是90%。在行业领域，出口的国内价值增值程度可以分为几个梯队，第一梯队包括金属作业机械、基础化工、摩托车和毛纺织品，国内附加值均在70%以上；第二梯队包括橡胶(21585,-260.00,-1.19%)制品、轮船、玩具、电视、家用电器等行业，国内附加值大致在30%-60%左右；第三梯队则包括计算机和通信设备等。计算机的国内附加值比例是8.2%，通讯设备的国内附加值比例是16.6%。另据斯坦福大学刘遵义等人的研究，2002年中国对美出口总额中，国内的附加值比例是37%。尽管计算方法的差异可能会导致比较上的偏差，然而我们仍然有理由相信，iPhone是中国出口产品中国内附加值比例较低的产品。 

3.6% of the rate high? Is not high？According to Columbia University professor wei is in and the United States international trade commission, several researchers joint analysis，China's total exports in China create part is about 50%，And its numerical with trade mode and industry varies。In particular，Processing trade export domestic value-added rate is 20%，General trade domestic value-added rate is 90%。In the industry，Export of domestic value appreciation level can be divided into several echelon，The first echelon including metal equipment、Basic chemical、Motorcycle and wool textiles，Domestic value-added are more than 70%；The second echelon including rubber(21585,- 260.00,1.19% -)products、ship、toys、TV、Appliances, and other industries，Domestic value-added roughly at 30% to 60%；The third echelon, including computer and communication equipment, etc。Computer domestic value-added proportion is 8.2%，Communication equipment domestic value-added proportion is 16.6%。According to another LiuZunYi at Stanford university and research，In 2002, the Chinese exports to the United States in total，The added value of domestic proportion is 37%。Although the difference calculation method may lead to the deviation of the comparison，However, we still have reason to believe that，IPhone is China's export products in China is relatively low proportion of added value of the products。 

　　既然如此，我们是否应该放弃代工苹果呢？更进一步地说：中国应该如何看待其加工贸易？尤其是当前，中国加工贸易整体发展面临着外部需求萎缩、国内经营成本上升、国际竞争愈加激烈等多重压力。为此，我们需要回答的一个具有根本性的问题是：在新形势下，加工贸易还符合中国的比较优势吗？ 

so，Whether we should give up OEM? Apple？Further said：China should how to treat the processing trade？Especially the current，China's processing trade overall development faced with shrinking external demand、The rise in the cost of domestic business、The more fierce international competition, such as multiple pressure。therefore，We need to answer a has the essential question is：In the new situation，Processing trade is in China's comparative advantage？ 

　　早在21世纪初，中国外向型制造业已经出现劳动力短缺和工资快速上升的情况。有研究显示，到2015年中国劳动年龄人口将停止增长。因此“十二五”时期普通劳动者工资上涨将是持续的。如果按照简单模型的预期，类似于加工贸易这样的劳动密集型环节很可能会转移到劳动力成本更加便宜的亚洲邻国。然而，蔡昉等研究者指出，中国经济本身具有地区差异性，即在一些地区已经发生了要素禀赋结构巨大变化的同时，其他地区可能仍然具有传统的要素禀赋结构和比较优势，产业和生产环节转移完全可以发生在中国地区之间。对于先行发展地区来说，适应劳动力和土地成本提高的动态比较优势变化，实现产业结构向更加技术密集型升级，符合增长方式转变的要求。而对于中西部地区来说，承接部分劳动密集型产业和生产环节的转移，同样可以符合增长方式转变的要求。通过这样的调整，东部地区吸纳劳动力的规模将相对稳定下来，与此同时，新增农村转移劳动力将越来越多地留在中西部地区，使这些地区的产业结构回归其劳动力仍然丰富所决定的比较优势。中国劳动密集型产业的比较优势因而保持。 

Early in the 21st century，The Chinese export-oriented manufacturing has emerged labor shortage and wage a rapid rise in situation。Research shows that，In 2015, Chinese working age population will stop growth。therefore“1025”Time ordinary workers wages rise will be continued。If, in accordance with the simple model expected，Similar to the processing trade such labor-intensive links are likely to be transferred to the labor cost more cheap Asian neighbors。however，Fang CAI and the researchers point out，China's economy itself has difference in different areas，That is in some areas has been factor endowment structure great changes at the same time，Other areas may still has the traditional factor endowment structure and comparative advantage，Industry and the production links transfer can occur between in China。For the first development regions，To adapt to the Labour and land cost improvement of the dynamic comparative advantage changes，To realize the industrial structure to a more high technology upgrade，Conform to the requirements of the growth mode change。And to the Midwest regions，Undertake part of the labor-intensive industries and the transfer of production links，The same can conform to the requirements of the growth mode change。Through such adjustment，The eastern region in the size of the labor force will be relatively stable，meanwhile，New rural labor transfer will be more and more in the Midwest，Make these areas of industrial structure regression its Labour force still to the rich comparative advantage。China labor intensive industry comparative advantage and maintain。 

　　在实践中，发展加工贸易已经成为中西部地区承接产业转移的重要途径。2011年中西部地区加工贸易进出口额占全国加工贸易进出口总额的6.3%，分别比2009年、2010年提升了3.1个、2.3个百分点。一些研究者认为，中国的中西部往往比东南沿海城市更具有土地、厂房和劳动力等方面的成本优势和部分的技术优势，这是中西部地区作为沿海地区产业转移潜在区域的重要优势体现。结合中国中西部地区在发展加工贸易领域存在的优劣势，中西部地区贸易发展具有劳动密集型、运输成本低廉、产品制造时效性弱等特点的产业，贴近内陆市场销售的产业，以及就地采购原材料的产业，这是中国内陆地区发展加工贸易的承接点。而最近的数据显示，政策上的灵活性以及基础设施的改善进一步为中西部地区承接东部地区的产业转移营造了良好的条件，从而也有可能承接代工苹果这样的、产品制造时效性强、面向全球市场销售的“任务”（Task）。 

In practice，The development of processing trade has become the Midwest transfer of industry to undertake the important way。In 2011 the Midwest in processing trade exports accounted for 6.3% of the total amount of import and export of processing trade，More than 2009 years, respectively、2010 years of ascension for 3.1、2.3%。Some researchers think，China's middle and western than southeast coastal city is more land、Plant and labor cost advantage, etc and some technical superiority，This is the Midwest as coastal area industrial transfer potential area important advantages。Combined with the Midwest China in the development of processing trade field existing advantages and disadvantages，The Midwest trade development is labor intensive、Transportation cost is low、Product manufacturing timeliness weak etc industries，Close to the inland market sales industry，And in situ purchasing raw material industry，This is China's inland areas develop processing trade to undertake point。And the latest figures show，Policy flexibility and infrastructure to improve further as the central and western region to undertake the eastern areas of industrial transfer to create a good condition，Thus may also undertake OEM apple such、Product manufacturing strong timeliness、Facing the global market sales“task”（Task）。 

　　根据中国海关新近发布的《2011年中国城市外贸竞争力研究》，全国龙头外贸企业布局已经呈现向中等规模城市以及腹地重镇迁移的趋势。仅富士康iPhone生产线的转移就带动河南、四川两省出口分别提升了47.4个、38.9个百分点，占据以上两省出口总值的25.9%和25.8%。 

According to China's customs newly released《In 2011, the Chinese city foreign trade competitiveness research》，The national leading foreign trade enterprise layout has been presented to medium scale cities and hinterland town migration trend。The transfer of production line only foxconn iPhone will drive the henan、Sichuan provinces respectively export promoted 47.4、38.9%，The above two provinces occupies 25.9% and 25.8% of the total value of exports。 

　　然而，加工贸易的增加值仍然是一个问题。上述报告同时显示：中国各地区间加工贸易增值率相对均衡。直觉上，考虑到地区差异和产业的国内转移，加工增加值应该因区域而有所差异，大致呈现出东高中西低的格局。然而，在中国城市外贸效益竞争力前30强中，加工贸易增值情况相差无几。我们可以将榜单上的上海市与黑龙江的佳木斯市做一个简单的对比。统计局数据显示，2010年这两个城市城镇单位就业人员平均工资差异明显，上海几乎是佳木斯的2.5倍，而两者加工贸易的增值情况几乎相同。为什么会出现这种情况，这仍然是需要深入思考的问题。 

however，The added value of processing trade is still a problem。The report shows at the same time：Around China interval processing trade appreciation rate relative equilibrium。Intuition on，Considering the regional difference and industrial domestic transfer，The added value of processing should be because of the differences of the area，Generally present east high Chinese and western low pattern。however，In the Chinese city foreign trade benefit competitiveness in the top 30 before，Processing trade value-added situation little difference。We can list will be in Shanghai and heilongjiang of jiamusi do a simple comparison。Bureau of statistics data show，In 2010, the two cities town unit obtain employment staff average wages have significant difference，Shanghai is almost kiamusze 2.5 times，And both of the value of the processing trade almost the same situation。Why will appear this kind of circumstance，It is still need to be deeply thinking about the problem。 

　　从2005年开始，一直到2012年，每年的国务院政府工作报告都将“加快转变对外贸易增长（或发展）方式”作为当年的主要任务。一方面说明转型的迫切性和重要性，另一方面也说明转型的艰难和进展相对缓慢。即使富士康落户的重庆，也有一些看法将其成功之处归于中央的优惠政策，特别是，重庆目前是内陆唯一拥有两个保税区的城市。即便如此，我们仍然强调，种种迹象表明转型已经开始，这本身就是一个好的征兆。 

Begin from 2005，Until 2012，Every year the government work report of the state council will be“To speed up the transformation of foreign trade growth（Or development）way”As the main task。On the one hand that transformation of the urgency and importance，On the other hand also shows that transformation of the difficult and relatively slow progress。Even foxconn settled in chongqing，There are also some opinions will be its successes to central preferential policies，especially，Chongqing is currently the only inland has two bonded area of the city。Even so，We still emphasize，All the signs are that transformation has started，This is a good sign。 

　　作者系中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所经济发展室副主任

The author is the Chinese academy of social sciences institute of world economics and politics at economic development, deputy director of the room