发达国家成为近期贸易保护主义的始作俑者

The developed countries become the recent trade protectionism

欧美是主要的贸易保护主义发起方。除了一些传统的反倾销、反补贴等措施外，技术壁垒、绿色壁垒甚至安全问题等也逐步应用到贸易保护领域。 Europe and the United States is the main trade protectionism FaQiFang.In addition to some traditional anti-dumping/Countervailing measures such as outside,Technical barriers/Green barriers and even safety problems and so on also gradually applied in the field of trade protection.

　　国际金融危机之后，发达经济体的贸易保护主义愈演愈烈。除了一些传统的反倾销、反补贴等措施外，技术壁垒、绿色壁垒甚至安全问题等也逐步应用到贸易保护领域，发达经济体逐渐成为贸易保护主义的始作俑者。

After the international financial crisis,Developed economies trade protectionism intensified.In addition to some traditional anti-dumping/Countervailing measures such as outside,Technical barriers/Green barriers and even safety problems and so on also gradually applied in the field of trade protection,Developed economies gradually become the trade protectionism.

　　欧美是主要的贸易保护主义发起方。据世界贸易组织的统计,从2011年10月至2012年4月，世界贸易组织成员国共发起反倾销调查79起，其中美国发起12起，欧盟作为一个整体发起13起，分别占到总数的15.2%和16.5%。在同一时期，由世界贸易组织成员国发起的17起反补贴调查中，美国发起9起，欧盟发起3起，分别占到总数的52.9%和17.6%。除传统的贸易限制措施外，一些新的贸易保护措施层出不穷。近日，美国众议院情报委员会发布报告称，中国两家电信设备供应商华为和中兴通讯可能影响美国国家安全，试图阻挠这两家企业进入美国市场，以此打击中国通讯产业在美国的发展。

Europe and the United States is the main trade protectionism FaQiFang.According to the statistics of the world trade organization,From October 2011 to April 2012,The world trade organization members anti-dumping investigations into kuomintang since 79,One of the American launch since December,The European Union as a whole launch and up,To accounted for 15.2% and 16.5% of the total.At the same time,By the world trade organization members launched 17 the countervailing investigation,The United States launched the 9,The European Union launched on three,To accounted for 52.9% and 17.6% of the total.In addition to the traditional trade restrictions outside,Some of the new trade protection measures emerge in endlessly.recently,The United States house of representatives intelligence committee said in a report released,China's two telecommunications equipment supplier huawei and zte may affect U.S. national security,Trying to block the two enterprises in the American market,To strike China communication industry in the development of the United States.

　　在国际金融危机的背景下，美国采取贸易保护的目的无非是促进美国国内的经济复苏，并带动就业增长。然而,这一目标不易实现。第一，贸易保护会对美国相关产业造成负面影响。一般而言，美国实施贸易保护的产业主要集中在美国的低端上游产业，一旦发起保护措施，这些产业将被迫从原来的进口为主转而变为国内生产，由于美国较高的劳动力成本和生产成本，致使与此类产业相关的下游产业成本上升，从而削弱美国产业的国际竞争力。

In the international financial crisis under the background,The United States to take trade protection purpose of it is to promote the domestic economic recovery,And promote job growth.however,This goal is not easy to achieve.The first,Trade protection to American relevant industry caused negative influence.Generally speaking,The U.S. to implement trade protection industry mainly concentrated in the United States low-end upstream industry,Once the launch protection measures,These industries will be forced to from the original import primarily turn into domestic production,Due to the high cost of labor and production cost,Cause and such industry related downstream industry rising costs,So as to weaken the industry's international competitiveness.

　　第二，贸易保护将会影响美国消费者的福利。贸易保护措施致使进口产品价格上升，从而造成美国消费者的支出增加，在名义收入不变的情况下，消费者将会被迫减少消费数量从而引发消费下降。因此，贸易保护将带来生产和消费的扭曲，无益于美国经济和就业的恢复。

The second,Trade protection will affect American consumers' welfare.Trade protection measures the import product price rise,Resulting in the United States consumer spending increase,In nominal income under the condition of constant,Consumers will will be forced to reduce consumption quantity and cause of reduced spending.therefore,Trade protection will lead to the distortion of the production and consumption,Nothing in the United States economic and employment recovery.

　　贸易保护措施将会对美国的国际经济地位造成损伤。世界银行前行长佐利克不久前在一次演讲中指出，经济开放是美国最宝贵的财富，倾向于贸易保护主义，显示了美国国家、企业和个人的信心正在丧失，因此，如果美国摒弃开放的经济政策而奉行贸易保护主义的话，美国在世界经济格局中的地位将会不断衰落。

Trade protection measures to U.S. international economic status cause damage.Before the world bank President Robert zoellick not long ago in pointed out in a speech,Economic opening is America's most precious wealth,Tend to trade protectionism,Display the national/Enterprise and individuals are being lost confidence,therefore,If the United States slam the door open economic policy and pursue trade protectionism words,The United States on the world economic pattern in the position will continue to decline.

　　国际贸易与全球经济增长高度相关

International trade and global economic growth high correlation

国际贸易与全球经济发展呈现出高度的协同性，即在国际贸易增长迅速的年份，全球经济也表现出较高的增长率。 International trade and the global economy development present a height the synergistic effect,That is the rapid growth in international trade of the year,The global economy also shows a higher growth rate.

　　国际贸易是全球经济增长重要的推动力量，其可以通过多种渠道促进全球经济增长。按照比较优势原则进行国际贸易，可以实现资源在国际间的有效配置，从而提高世界各国的生产效率。通过国际贸易可以使一国的闲置资源得到充分利用,从而促进产出的增加。国际贸易可以通过外部市场扩大产量，获得规模经济效益，促使生产效率不断提高，单位成本下降，从而增加一国产品的国际竞争力。此外，贸易也可以刺激技术进步，从而促进经济增长。也正是基于此，全球大部分国家都在积极推动对外贸易的发展，一些国家更是通过对外贸易的发展实现了本国经济的腾飞。

International trade is a global economic growth an important driving force,It through a variety of channels to promote global economic growth.According to the principle of comparative advantage of international trade,Can realize resources in international effective configuration,The countries all over the world so as to improve the production efficiency.Through the international trade can make a country's idle resources can be fully used,So as to promote the increase of output.International trade can through the external market to expand production,Get scale economic benefit,To improve the production efficiency,Unit cost down,Thus increasing one country the international competition ability of the product.In addition,Trade can also stimulate technological progress,So as to promote economic growth.It is also based on this,Most countries in the world are actively promote the development of foreign trade,Some countries is through the development of foreign trade realized its economic boom.

　　全球经济也会影响国际贸易的发展。全球经济的高速增长将会带来全球总需求的上升，从而促进国际贸易的快速发展，而这反过来又会进一步促进全球经济的增长，这就在国际贸易和全球经济之间形成了良性循环。然而，当全球经济增长乏力时，也会通过总需求萎缩限制国际贸易的发展。

The global economy can also affect the development of international trade.The global economic growth will bring the global rise of total demand,So as to promote the rapid development of international trade,And this in turn will further promote the growth of the global economy,It is in the international trade and the global economy formed between the virtuous cycle.however,As the global economic growth when lack of power,Also through the aggregate demand atrophy limit the development of international trade.

　　从实践上看，国际贸易与全球经济发展呈现出高度的协同性，即在国际贸易增长迅速的年份，全球经济也表现出较高的增长率，而在国际贸易增速放缓甚至是负增长的情况下，全球经济也显示出增长的乏力。例如在2010年，全球经济增长从之前的负增

Look from the practice,International trade and the global economy development present a height the synergistic effect,That is the rapid growth in international trade of the year,The global economy also shows a higher growth rate,And in the international trade growth slows down or even negative growth of cases,The global economy also showed a growing lack of power.In 2010, for example,Global economic growth before from the negative increase

　　长一举达到5.1%，此时国际贸易增速也从2009年的-10.4%上升到12.6%，而随着此后全球经济增长的逐步放缓，国际贸易增速也不断下降，根据世界贸易组织的预测，2012年全球贸易增速预计下滑至2.5%。

Long at one fell swoop reached 5.1%,The growth of international trade from 2009-10.4% to 12.6%,With global economic growth since the gradual slowdown,International trade growth is declining,According to the world trade organization prediction,In 2012 the global trade growth is expected to decline to 2.5%.

　　全球经济增长放缓催生了贸易保护主义

The global economic slowdown led trade protectionism

贸易保护主义在全球经济增长放缓的形势下更为突出。全球经济放缓所引发的需求萎缩，导致各国的出口贸易受到抑制并进一步制约其经济复苏的步伐，这引发了各国进一步的贸易竞争与保护。 Trade protectionism in the global economic growth situation is more outstanding.The global economic slowdown in demand caused by atrophy,Lead to countries export trade is restrained and further restrict the pace of its economic recovery,This caused countries further trade competition and protection.

　　虽然从总体上看，国际贸易的发展会促进全球经济的增长，然而，由于国际贸易涉及不同国家的利益，因此，在参与贸易全球化和自由化的过程中，一些国家的利益短期或局部也许会受到一定程度的损害,从而导致了贸易保护主义的产生。

Although in its entirety,The development of international trade will promote the growth of the global economy,however,As international trade involves the interests of different countries,therefore,Participating in the trade globalization and liberalization process,Some of the nation's interests short-term or local may be a certain degree of damage,Thus led to the production of trade protectionism.

　　贸易保护主义在全球经济增长放缓的形势下更为突出。全球经济放缓所引发的需求萎缩，导致各国的出口贸易受到抑制并进一步制约其经济复苏的步伐，这引发了各国进一步的贸易竞争与保护。特别是对发达经济体来说，国际金融危机之后，其利率已经降至历史低点，货币政策的空间已经十分有限，而政府严重的债务问题又使其在财政政策上被束缚住了手脚，在这种情况下，发达经济体纷纷推出贸易保护主义措施，希望以此推动本国经济的发展。

Trade protectionism in the global economic growth situation is more outstanding.The global economic slowdown in demand caused by atrophy,Lead to countries export trade is restrained and further restrict the pace of its economic recovery,This caused countries further trade competition and protection.Especially for for developed economies,After the international financial crisis,The interest rate has fallen to historic lows,Monetary policy space has been very limited,And the government serious debt problem again in the fiscal policy is to tie the hands and feet,In this case,Developed economies have launched protectionist measures,Hope to promote the development of the national economy.

　　国际金融危机爆发后，贸易保护主义不断抬头。2012年5月，一份由经合组织、世界贸易组织和联合国贸发会议联合发布的报告指出，由于全球经济低迷，各国近年来实行的贸易限制措施不断激增。报告指出,从2011年10月中期开始至2012年5月中期，20国集团国家总共实行了124项贸易限制措施，致使占全球0.9%的进口贸易受到影响，这些措施主要包括贸易救济行为,增加关税、进口执照以及海关管制等，同时这些措施不再是各国应对国际金融危机的一种临时性措施，而已成为各国试图刺激经济复苏的长期手段。

The international financial crisis after the outbreak,Trade protectionism constantly looked up.In May 2012,A by the oecd/The world trade organization and the United Nations conference of joint report released,As the global economic downturn,Countries in recent years the trade restriction measures continuously surge.The report says,From October 2011 to a large 2012 to may mid-term,The group of 20 countries a total of the 124 new trade restrictions,The accounts for 0.9% of the world's import trade affected,These measures mainly include trade remedy behavior,Increase tariffs/Import license and the customs control, etc,At the same time these measures is no longer countries to deal with the international financial crisis of a temporary measures,It became the various countries' trying to stimulate economic recovery means for a long time.

　　贸易保护主义使国际贸易形势更加严峻

Trade protectionism that international trade more severe situation

频繁实施的贸易保护措施将加剧各国之间的贸易摩擦，从而无法进行有效的相互协调与合作，各国之间的不信任情绪加重，甚至引发贸易战，世界贸易体系会由开放逐渐滑向封闭。 Frequent of the implementation of the trade protection measures will aggravate trade friction between countries,Thus unable to effective coordination and cooperation,Between countries of distrust of aggravated,Even cause trade war,The world trading system will be gradually into the open closed.

　　7月16日，世界贸易组织发布的《2012年世界贸易报告》称，非关税措施给世界贸易带来了新的挑战。据其预测，受欧债危机拖累，2012年世界贸易增速将下降至2.5%，而2013年世界贸易增速将下降至4.5%。贸易保护主义使得国际贸易形势更加严峻。

July 16,,The world trade organization released[In 2012 the world trade report]says,Non-tariff measures to the world trade has brought new challenges.According to the forecast,By the debt crisis drag,The 2012 world trade growth will decline to 2.5%,And in 2013 the world trade growth will decline to 4.5%.Trade protectionism that international trade more severe situation.

　　贸易保护主义泛滥引发了各国竞相实行以邻为壑的政策。除了发达经济体实施贸易保护措施外，一些新兴经济体也采取了贸易保护主义措施。9月4日，巴西外贸委员会发布了提高100种进口产品关税的决议，10月1日，该决议开始实施，有效期为12个月，根据决议，巴西100种进口产品平均关税会提高到25%。印度、阿根廷、泰国等新兴经济体发起的贸易保护措施也呈上升之势。

Trade protectionism flood caused countries to implement begger-my-neibour policy.In addition to developed economies implement trade protection measures outside,Some emerging economies has taken a protectionist measures.On September 4,,Brazilian foreign trade committee issued a 100 kinds of imported products to improve the resolution of the tariff,On October 1,,The resolution began to implement,Valid for 12 months,According to the resolution,Brazil 100 kinds of imported products average tariff will be increased to 25%.India/Argentina/Thailand and other emerging economies initiated trade protection measures also shows ascendant trend.

　　以邻为壑的贸易保护措施给有些国家带来严重的负面影响。以韩国为例，10月18日，韩国现代经济研究院发布报告称，受全球各国贸易限制措施增加和国际专利纠纷影响，今年上半年韩国企业为此遭受的直接与间接损失高达45.8亿美元，占到同期韩国经常项目顺差的三分之一，这给其经济发展造成巨大的负面影响。

Begger-my-neibour trade protection measures to some countries bring serious negative effect.In South Korea, for example,On October 18,South Korean modern economic research institute released the report says,By world trade restriction measures to increase and international influence of a patent dispute,In the first half of this year South Korea enterprise therefore suffered direct and indirect losses as high as $4.58 billion,The same period accounted for a third of South Korea current account surplus,This gives its economic development caused great negative impact.

　　频繁实施的贸易保护措施另外一个深远的影响是，其将加剧各国之间的贸易摩擦，从而无法进行有效的相互协调与合作，各国之间的不信任情绪加重，甚至引发贸易战，世界贸易体系会由开放逐渐滑向封闭，这更加不利于全球经济的复苏与稳定。妥善解决贸易摩擦，促进国际贸易快速增长是推动全球经济早日走出危机的有效途径。

Frequent of the implementation of the trade protection measures another profound influence is,It will aggravate trade friction between countries,Thus unable to effective coordination and cooperation,Between countries of distrust of aggravated,Even cause trade war,The world trading system will be gradually into the open closed,This more hampers global economic recovery and stability.Properly solving trade friction,Promoting international trade rapid growth is driving the global economy out of the crisis early effective way.

　　（作者单位：南开大学国际经济研究所）

(The author unit:Nankai university institute for international economics)