2012年，针对国内稀土行业集中度低、产业竞争力差、稀土定价权缺失等问题，工信部提出稀土行业将加速整合，形成2至3家大型稀土产业集团。

In 2012,,In view of the domestic rare earth industry concentration is low/Industry competitiveness is poor/Lack of rare earth pricing, etc,Work letter of rare earth industry will accelerate the integration are put forward,Form 2 to 3 large rare earth industry group.

　　而从近日公布的2013年稀土产品出口配额和行业重组情况来看，2013年稀土行业的版图将出现明显变化。

From the recently released 2013 rare earth products export quotas and industry restructuring situation,The territory of the rare earth industry in 2013 will be apparent change.

　　如今，虽然稀土价格指数跌幅过半，但随着国内稀土行业整合步伐的加快，从2012年年底开始，部分稀土永磁类上市公司已重新焕发生机。

now,Although rare earth price index dropped more than half,But with the quickening pace of integration of domestic rare earth industry,Since the end of 2012,Part of the rare earth permanent magnet of listed company has with renewed vigor.

　　稀土行业协会酝酿多年终成立

Rare earth industry association brewing more year-end

　　2012年4月8日，是中国稀土行业史上值得纪念的日子，因为在当天，酝酿了4、5年，隶属于工信部的中国稀土行业协会终于成立了。

On April 8, 2012,Is the memorable in the history of China rare earth industry,Because in the day,Brewing four/5 years,Belong to labor letter department of China rare earth industry association was established at last.

　　事实上，早在10年前，中国有色进出口总公司等多家稀土企业就曾经提出建立稀土协会，到去年，中国有色金属工业协会也申请过设立稀土分会，由于种种原因，申请没有被批准。但随着近年来稀土行业的发展，这个备受关注的“协会”再次被提起。2011年7月，工信部特别提出加快推进中国稀土行业协会组建工作。直至2012年4月8日，这个“国家级”协会终于挂牌。

As a matter of fact,As early as ten years ago,China nonferrous import and export corporation and a number of rare earth enterprise once proposed rare earth association,To the last year,China nonferrous metals industry association also apply for establishment of rare earth,A variety of reasons,Application is not approved.But along with the development of the rare earth industry in recent years,This concern"association"Mentioned again.In July 2011,The letter department specifically accelerating China's rare earth industry association form work.Until April 8, 2012,this"national"Association finally listed.

　　而之所以选择在4月8日成立，恐怕还与外因相关。2012年3月中旬，美欧日联手在世贸组织就所谓的中国限制稀土元素出口一事提起诉讼，从而将中国的稀土问题推上了国际贸易争端的风口浪尖；而当时多位专家建议，我国如有一个协会组织通过非官方途径积极应对，无疑将打开促进问题解决的新途径。

And chose was established in April 8,I'm afraid is still associated with the external cause.In march of 2012 in the middle,The us and Europe, in the world trade organization (wto) is the so-called China's export restrictions on rare earth elements in a lawsuit,To China's rare earth issues on the international trade disputes of the outlet wave;At that time many expert advice,If there is an association in China through the unofficial way to actively respond to,Will open the new way of problem solving.

　　至此，酝酿已久的中国稀土行业协会在京成立，据悉该协会包括了中铝、五矿、包钢集团、赣州稀土等155家会员，囊括了国内几乎所有的稀土企业。

So far,Brewing for a long time of China's rare earth industry association was established in Beijing,It is reported the association including the al/minmetals/Clad steel group/Ganzhou 155 members, etc,Include almost all the domestic rare earth enterprises.

　　点评：虽然中国稀土行业协会已经成立，但其前景并不被有关专家看好。曾有业内分析师认为，155家会员企业如果能形成统一声音，那将是市场的绝对控制力量，但是从中国钢铁业等行业协会这些年所能起到的作用看，中国稀土行业协会应对外部困难的能力有限。

Comment on:Although China's rare earth industry association has been established,But the prospect is not be valued by experts.Have been in the industry analysts say,155 member companies if you can form a unified voice,That will be the absolute control of market power,But over the years from China's steel industry and other industry association can play a role,China's rare earth industry association to external difficult ability is limited.

　　而更令人不解的是，在4月8日成立大会当天，多家媒体却被挡在了成立大会的门外。

And what is more don't understand is,On April 8, the inaugural meeting of the day,Many media was blocked in the door of the founding conference.

　　按照官方的说法，中国稀土行业协会将在政府和企业的桥梁作用方面发挥很大作用，也给企业创造了一个平台，将各种意见以一个统一的发言渠道出现在整个行业中，把现在出现的一些问题反映给政府。但其成立的“大喜之日”却将众多媒体拒之门外，在成立之后的又异常低调，从未发出任何“声音”，这一蹊跷事件也不由得不让众多媒体猜测，这个半官方、半民间的团体究竟为何成立？

According to the official statement,China's rare earth industry association will be the bridge between the government and enterprises plays a great role,Also to the enterprise to create a platform,Will all kinds of ideas to a unified speech channel in the industry,Now some problems reflect to the government.But the establishment of the"Wedding day"But many media will be rejected,After the establishment of abnormal low profile,Never send any"voice",The strange events also hard not let many media speculation,The semiofficial/Half of the group established why?

　　地方稀土集团成立 “对阵”央企

Where rare earth group was established "against"renmin

　　自2012年4月8日，稀土行业协会成立大会上，有专家表示对于行业整合，2012年我国将加快推进大集团组建，形成2-3家大型企业后，我国南方各稀土产区纷纷加码，相继成立了多个地方稀土集团。

Since April 8, 2012,Rare earth industry association was set up in the meeting,Experts say the industry integration,In 2012 China will accelerate the big group,Form after 2-3 large companies,All in the south of China rare earth production are selling,Have established more than local rare earth group.

　　而对于这些稀土集团的成立，有分析师认为，因为牵扯众多的利益方，而现在南方稀土整合的趋势，大有打破原来的局面，各地方纷纷“保举”地方企业，组建地方稀土集团来抗衡央企“独大”的局面。

And for these rare earth the establishment of the group,Analysts think,Involving the interests of many parties,And now south of rare earth integration trend,Has broken the original situation,The local in succession"zhong"Local businesses,Form where rare earth group against renmin"Only big"The situation of.

　　2011年5月，国务院下发《关于促进稀土行业持续健康发展的若干意见》，要求依法开展稀土专项整治，加快稀土行业整合。随后，各地开始加快地方稀土整合的步伐。

In May 2011,Issued by the state council[Several Suggestions on promoting the sustainable and healthy development of rare earth industry],Requirements in accordance with the law to develop rare earth campaigns,To speed up the integration of the rare earth industry.then,All began to speed up the pace of the integration of local rare earth.

　　2012年5月，广东省人民政府正式发布《关于推进我省稀土行业整合的意见》，对广东省进行稀土资源以及稀土产业链的整合提出时间表。由此，稀土行业整合进入实质性阶段，广东省拉开南方稀土行业整合的大幕。

In May 2012,Guangdong province people's government officially released[On promoting the integration of the rare earth industry in our province],In guangdong province of rare earth resources and timetable of rare earth industry chain integration.thus,Rare earth industry integration into the substantive stage,Guangdong province opened the curtain of the rare earth industry integration.

　　截至去年，湖南、内蒙、广东、福建等省市已经成立了省级稀土产业集团，逐步完成省内稀土的整合。

By the end of last year,hunan/Inner Mongolia/guangdong/Fujian province have set up the rare earth industry group at the provincial level,Step by step to complete the integration of rare earth in the province.

　　但从各省抛出的整合方案来看，各省方案多以省内大型稀土企业为主，实力雄厚的央企并未能参与到地方稀土整合中来。央企与地方在整合中的利益冲突不言而喻。

But from the perspective of the integration plan of each throw,All schemes is given priority to with large rare earth enterprises in the province,Strength of renmin and not involved in the local integration of rare earth.Renmin and local conflicts of interest in the integration is self-evident.

　　点评： 自2011年中央实施稀土大企业大集团战略后，地方加快步伐组建稀土集团，同时，央企也对地方稀土资源虎视眈眈。央企在资金、产业链和技术方面有优势，地方国企拥有最重要的矿权，这注定是一场难以摆平的博弈战。以湖南稀土整合方案为例，此前整合了湖南有色金属控股集团的五矿集团，并未能深度参与此次湖南稀土的大整合。央企的缺位，或更加彰显地方政府对稀土资源的掌控决心。

Comment on: Since 2011, the central after implementing the strategy of rare earth big enterprise group,Where is speeding up a rare earth group,At the same time,Renmin to local rare earth resources.Renmin in capital/Industrial chain and technology has an advantage,Local state-owned enterprises have the most important mineral rights,It is destined to be a game that is straight.In the case of hunan rare earth integration scheme,After integrating the minmetals group of hunan nonferrous metals holding group,Depth and failed to participate in the hunan rare earth of integration.The absence of the renmin,Or more reveal the control of rare earth resources of local government determination.

　　中国有色网

China non-ferrous nets

　　我国首个稀土交易所落户包头

China's first settled in baotou rare earth exchange

　　2012年8月8日，包头稀土产品交易所有限公司于金融广场挂牌成立。

On August 8, 2012,Exchange of baotou rare earth products limited financial square was founded.

　　中国近两年对于稀土行业集中管制，稀土产品价格剧烈波动，一度对下游应用行业造成影响，有人甚至质疑稀土行业的长期稳定发展。成立全国性稀土交易平台，被认为是中国探寻稀土产品价格形成机制的一次尝试，行业主管部门希望借此推动稀土价格市场化、透明化，避免大起大落。

China in the past two years for the rare earth industry concentration control,Prices fluctuated violently rare earth products,Once impact on downstream applications,Some have even questioned the long-term stable development of the rare earth industry.Established a national rare earth trading platform,Is considered to be China's an attempt to explore price formation mechanism of rare earth products,The competent trade authorities to promote rare earth market price/transparent,Avoid big.

　　在包头稀土交易所挂牌当日，运行机制、交易规则、产品设计等细节未被披露。交易所称，公司的合法手续已经完成，中铝、五矿、中色等央企均成为股东。但交易所目前处于筹备阶段，真正运行还需要一段时间。

In baotou rare earth exchange on that day,Operation mechanism/Trading rules/Details such as product design has not been disclosed.Exchange said,The company's legal procedure has been completed,al/minmetals/Colors such as renmin become shareholders.But exchange in the preparation stage at present,Real operation also need a period of time.

　　这令外界担心，包头稀土交易所为了争做全国性稀土交易平台而匆匆上马，后续运行可能不会太顺利。

Worry that the outside world,Baotou rare earth exchange in order to be a national rare earth trading platform and mount in a hurry,Subsequent operation may not be so smoothly.

　　此前，江西省于去年底率先成立江西赣州稀有金属交易所。该地区中重稀土产量约占全国中重稀土产量的80%。尽管如此，赣州稀有金属交易所正式运行以来的成交量屈指可数。

The previous,Jiangxi province was established at the end of last year took the lead in ganzhou in jiangxi rare metal exchange.The region of heavy rare earth production accounts for about 80% of the national heavy rare earth in production.In spite of this,Ganzhou since the formal operation of rare metal exchange volume numbered.

　　各地争建稀土交易所的背后，实为各方对稀土定价权的觊觎。经过两年调整，稀土行业的重心已从矿产资源的跑马圈地，转移至游戏规则的设计主导权之争。

Built around for rare earth behind of the exchange,Actually the parties of the rare earth pricing.After two years,The center of gravity of the rare earth industry has set up a file from a horse race enclosure of mineral resources,Transferred to the rules of the game, the design of the issue.

　　点评：从谋划到挂牌，包头稀土交易所历时两年。作为我国北方最大的稀土生产基地，内蒙古自治区政府希望通过稀土交易平台形成市场化的价格，打消外商对于政府操纵价格的疑虑。

Comment on:From the design to the listing,Baotou rare earth exchange over two years.As the largest rare earth production base in north China,Inner Mongolia autonomous region government hopes formed by rare earth trading platform market price,Reassure foreign investors for the government control the doubts of the price.

　　而对于稀土买卖有很大的信息不对称，买卖都是通过熟悉的中间商进行，下游用户有时候买不到货、看不清价格。交易所可以实现供应商和采购商直接通过电子平台接洽，保证了供应的稳定，推动了价格的市场化。消除中间商环节，使得买卖更流畅、市场信息更清晰。

For buying and selling of rare earth has a lot of information asymmetry,Business is conducted through the familiar with middlemen,Sometimes do not buy the downstream users/Can't see the price.Exchange can be directly to suppliers and buyers through the electronic platform,To ensure the stability of the supply,Promote the marketization of the price.Eliminate the middlemen,Make business more smooth/Market information more clearly.

　　尽管“谁来唱戏”、“如何唱”尚不为人知，但包头稀土交易所在业内确实已广为人知。

although"Who is going to singing opera"/"How to sing"It is not known,But baotou rare earth exchange is already well known in the industry.

　　包钢稀土(行情 股吧 买卖点)“控股”内蒙古12家上游企业

Baotou rare earth(An option Shares! Buying and selling point)"holding"Inner Mongolia 12 upstream enterprise

　　2012年12月27日晚间，包钢稀土发布公告称，公司于12月27日在包头与包括包头市金蒙稀土有限责任公司、包头市玺骏稀土有限责任公司、包头市新源稀土高新材料有限公司在内的12家稀土上游企业及股东分别签署了《稀土上游企业整合重组框架协议》。

On December 27, 2012, in the evening,Baotou rare earth announcement said,Company on December 27, in baotou and including baotou JinMeng rare earth limited liability company/Baotou imperial south China rare earth limited liability company/Baotou new source of rare earth high and new material limited company, and rare earth enterprise upstream and shareholders signed respectively[Rare earth enterprise integrating upstream reorganization of the framework agreement].

　　按照内蒙古最早出台的稀土上游企业整合淘汰工作方案，本应在2011年6月底就完成35家企业的整合淘汰。但因为稀土企业淘汰标准和补偿标准等方面都受到质疑，原本计划的整合进度也被一拖再拖，除了方案多次修改外，其整合数量也由35家逐步缩减至12家。

According to Inner Mongolia upstream of the rare earth enterprise integration work out plan,This should be completed in 2011 by the end of June is 35 the integration of enterprises.But because of the rare earth enterprise out standard and compensation standard, etc have been questioned,Had originally planned to the integration of the schedule was delayed,In addition to the program modification many times,The number of integration from thirty-five gradually narrowed to 12.

　　此前有传闻，北方稀土集团将由内蒙古包钢集团公司牵头，联合甘肃稀土集团公司等北方大型稀土公司共同设立，同时延伸涉足四川、山东等地稀土企业的整合，并通过集团化的统一管理，初步建立起北方地区规范有序的稀土资源开发、冶炼分离和市场流通秩序，促进我国形成以大型企业为主导的稀土行业格局。

Has previously been,The rare earth group will lead by Inner Mongolia baotou steel group company,Joint gansu re group company such as the north big rare earth company is a joint effort,At the same time extend in sichuan province/Shandong and other places of rare earth enterprise integration,And through the group's unified management,Preliminary build an orderly development of rare earth resources in northern China/Smelting separation and market circulation order,Promote formation is dominated by large enterprises of the rare earth industry pattern.

　　据包钢稀土总经理张忠介绍，包钢稀土第一步将会首先整合内蒙古自治区内稀土企业，引导其向下游的功能材料、新材料、应用产品领域进军，在现有管理体制框架下，完成内蒙古自治区上游企业整合重组。

According to the general manager of baotou rare earth ZhangZhong introduction,Baotou rare earth first step will be rare earth enterprise in the integration of Inner Mongolia autonomous region in the first place,Guide to the downstream of functional materials/The new material/Application products field,In the framework of the existing management system,Complete the upstream enterprise integrated reorganization of Inner Mongolia autonomous region.

　　第二步是整合省外的轻稀土骨干企业，主要包括四川、甘肃、山东的企业，完成对北方轻稀土企业跨地区的联合重组，进一步提高轻稀土产业的控制力和集中度。而此次公告可以说是北方稀土集团在2012年迈出的一大步。

The second step is to integrate the outside light rare earth backbone enterprises,Mainly including sichuan/Gansu province/Enterprise in shandong province,Completion of the north light rare earth enterprise trans-regional joint reorganization,To further improve the light rare earth industry control and concentration.But the announcement is the north a big step in the rare earth group in 2012.

　　点评：伴随着包钢稀土舆论热度的不断升温，北方稀土集团的概念也是媒体竞相报道的焦点之一。包钢稀土总经理曾公开表示，按照整合方案，北方稀土集团将由内蒙古包钢集团公司牵头，联合甘肃稀土集团公司等北方大型稀土公司共同设立。与此同时，与北方稀土相对应的南方稀土境况也成为了媒体热议的话题。

Comment on:Accompanied by baotou rare earth heat the rising of public opinion,North the concept of rare earth elements group is one of the focus of the media reported.General manager of baotou rare earth has publicly said,According to the integration scheme,The rare earth group will lead by Inner Mongolia baotou steel group company,Joint gansu re group company such as the north big rare earth company is a joint effort.At the same time,North and south of rare earth corresponding rare situation has become a hot topic of media.

　　“跌”成为2012年稀土“主旋律”

"fall"A rare earth in 2012"The main melody"

　　回顾2012年的稀土行情，“跌”字可以概括为这一年的“主旋律”。2012年年初，稀土市场依旧延续了2011年下半年的低迷走势，一路滑坡，去年稀土指数年底以400点创历史新低，较2011年12月1日最高点1000点下降了60%，较2012年1月1日的882点下滑了54.65%。虽然在去年稀土行情两次小幅回涨，但是下滑的大趋势很快就归于平静。

Review of the rare earth market in 2012,"fall"Words can be summarized in this year"The main melody".In early 2012,Rare earth market still lasted for 2011 years in the second half of the downturn dented,Slide all the way,Historic low rate of rare earth index at 400 points by the end of last year,Is on December 1, 2011 high 1000 points down 60%,In 2012 on January 1, 882 points dropped 54.65%.Although last year in the rare earth market they two small,But the trend of decline soon to relax.

　　三月中下旬受企业补库存，需求复苏影响，稀土价格曾出现小幅回暖。据监测数据显示，3月25日至4月45日稀土指数上涨11.08%。 

In late march by enterprise inventory,Demand recovery effect,The rare earth price has been slightly warmer.According to monitoring data,On March 25 to April 45, rare earth index rose 11.08%. 

　　10月末，龙头企业包钢稀土停产保价，并宣布以高于市场价收购高品质稀土；国内几家大型稀土企业纷纷响应，加入停产行列。11月份稀土部分产品价格曾一度走高，监测数据显示，11月份稀土指数上涨6.23%。

Late October,Leading enterprise baotou rare earth production price,And announce to buy high quality rare earth is higher than the market price;Several large domestic rare earth enterprise in response,Join production.Rare earth in November of product price once,Monitoring data show that,Rare earth index rose 6.23% in November.

　　低迷的需求始终是制约价格的主要因素，稀土市场小幅上行之后继续下跌。有数据显示，相较于2011年最高点氧化镝跌幅达81.58%，镝铁合金跌幅达80.98%。稀土市场成交低迷，经销商大多感叹稀土今年日子尤其难过。

Sluggish demand is always the main restrictive factors of the price,Rare earth market slightly upward after continue to fall.Have data to show,Compared with 2011 high oxidation iodide decline of 81.58%,Iodide ferroalloy drop 80.98%.Clinch a deal the rare earth market downturn,Most dealers exclamation of rare earth day this year especially sad.

　　2012年稀土价格下跌的主要商品有：镝铁合金(-66.43%)、金属镝(-65.83%)、氧化镝(-60.48%)。本年均涨跌幅为-54.48%。

The main products have 2012 rare earth prices:Iodide ferroalloy(- 66.43%)/Metal iodide(- 65.83%)/Oxidation iodide(- 60.48%).The average price for 54.48%.

　　点评：无论从现货市场、二级市场，稀土行情都呈现出“不给力”的趋势。从北方稀土行业龙头企业包钢稀土一年股价走势来看颇为明显，自年中时除权以来，包钢稀土几度刷新了年内股价的新低，并于2012年10月31日走出了年内最低27.14元的股价。而来自外部的压力仍使得2013年的稀土行情晦暗不明。直接牵动市场的不仅有全球市场对中国稀土需求大幅下降，还有美、欧、日等国家地区提出的中国稀土诉讼，而国内稀土产业的整合也将成为2013年市场的焦点，鉴于上述不定因素，2013年稀土价格走势仍不明朗。

Comment on:No matter from the spot market/The secondary market,Rare earth prices are presented"Don't give force"The trend of the.One year from the north of rare earth industry leading enterprise baotou rare earth price trends are quite obvious,Since the year when the xd,Baotou rare earth will refresh the years prices low,And in 2012 October 31 out of the year the lowest 27.14 yuan's share price.From external pressures still has 2013 years of rare earth market dark unknown.Directly affects the market not only has a significant decline in global demand for rare earth in China,There is beauty/ou/China's rare earth proceedings, etc countries and regions,And the integration of the domestic rare earth industry will become the focus of the market in 2013,In view of the uncertainty,It is unclear whether the rare earth price trend in 2013.

　　稀土价格下跌概念股股价疯狂上涨

Rare earth prices related stocks rose crazy

　　2012年对于稀土自身来说“跌”成为其主旋律，但与其不沾边的林业却借其概念火了一把。

2012 for rare earth itself"fall"Become the main melody,But with McGrady said forestry is through the concept of fire.

　　5月15日，永安林业(行情 股吧 买卖点)发布澄清公告称，公司部分林地稀土被盗采，已得到制止，但公司无权对林地里的稀土资源进行勘探，因此，无法确定是否存在稀土等矿产。当天，永安林业涨停。

On May 15,,Yongan forestry(An option Shares! Buying and selling point)Clarify the announcement said,Company of woodland rare earth were stolen,Have got to stop,But the company shall not be entitled to exploration of rare earth resources in the forest,so,Not sure whether there is rare earth mineral, etc.On the day,Yongan forestry harden.

　　第二天，即5月16日，永安林业再出澄清公告进一步说明，但股价再次一字涨停。5月17日，由于股价连续2日涨幅超过20%，被停牌一小时，当天10时30分后，永安林业被迅速拉起，直接封涨停板。

The second day,That is May 16,,Yongan forestry to clarify the announcement for further instructions,But share prices harden a word again.On May 17,,Due to the price for 2 days or more than 20%,Has been suspended for an hour,When the ten after 30 points,Yongan forestry was pulling up quickly,Directly to harden board.

　　5月18日，公司申请停牌核查。5月24日，永安林业再发澄清公告，开盘其股价一度曾逼近跌停，而后又鬼使神差地涨停，一日振幅达20%，让股民叹为观止。5月25日、28日，永安林业接连涨停。5月28日，永安林业发布公告称，公司3年内不会涉矿，也不会进行稀土开发。4个澄清公告，不到半个月时间，永安林业6个涨停，其间涨幅77%，成为5月A股最妖的个股。

On May 18,,Company to apply for suspension.On May 24,Yongan forestry to clarify the announcement,Opening its share price drop stop once,Then unconcioursly to harden,One day the amplitude of 20%,Let people.On May 25/28,Yongan forestry for harden.On May 28,,Yongan forestry public announcement said,The company 3 years not in mine,Also won't to develop rare earth.4 clarification announcement,Less than half a month time,Yongan forestry six harden,Meantime or 77%,May become A shares the demon.

　　点评：翻阅永安林业五份澄清公告不难发现，舆论焦点集中在公告的措辞方面。第一份公告里，永安林业称公司无法确定是否存在稀土等矿产，但又称，公司林地存在因非法开采稀土导致林地轻微受损的现象。这一措辞立刻引起多家媒体报道，质疑永安林业公告澄而不清。

Comment on:Through yongan forestry five clarification announcement is not difficult to find,Focus of public opinion in the wording of the announcement.The first public announcement,Yongan forestry company cannot determine whether there is rare earth mineral, etc,But it says,Company forestland exist caused by illegal mining rare earth woodland slightly damaged phenomenon.The phrase caught several media reported immediately,Questioned yongan forestry announcement cheng and not clear.

　　永安林业可谓是近年来上市公司涉矿传闻频出的一个缩影，面对二级市场的概念炒作，上市公司如何通过更为有效的方式公平地传递出公司的真实情况，切实保护中小投资者利益，值得这些“传闻公司”深思。

Yongan forestry is a listed company in recent years in ore has a miniature of the confusion,In the face of the concept of secondary market speculation,Listed companies how to through the more efficient way fair to transfer out the company's real situation,To protect the interests of small and medium-sized investors,Worth the"That the company"thinking.

　　稀土行业准入门槛抬高

Rare earth industry admittance threshold elevation

　　2012年8月6日，工信部发布《稀土行业准入条件》，这是我国第一次从生产规模方面设置稀土准入门槛，预计全国有20%的产能将会被淘汰。

On August 6, 2012,The letter department issued[Rare earth industry admittance conditions],This is the first time in China from the aspects of production scale setting rare earth admittance threshold,Due to the 20% of the capacity will be eliminated.

　　对于生产规模，规定混合型稀土矿山企业生产规模应不低于20000吨/年(以氧化物计，下同)；氟碳铈矿山企业生产规模应不低于5000吨/年；离子型稀土矿山企业生产规模应不低于500吨/年。禁止开采单一独居石矿。

For the scale of production,Provisions of mixed rare earth mine enterprise production scale should be not less than 20000 tons/year(With oxide project,The same);Fluorocarbon cerium mine enterprise production scale should be not less than 5000 tons/year;Ionic rare earth mine enterprise production scale should be not less than 500 tons/year.Forbidden mining quarry single living alone.

　　使用混合型稀土矿的独立冶炼分离企业生产规模应不低于8000吨/年；使用氟碳铈矿的独立冶炼分离企业生产规模应不低于5000吨/年；使用离子型稀土矿的独立冶炼分离企业生产规模应不低于3000吨/年。稀土金属冶炼企业生产规模应不低于2000吨/年(实物量).

Use the independence of mixed rare earth ore smelting separation enterprise production scale should be not less than 8000 tons/year;Use the independence of fluorocarbon cerium ore smelting separation enterprise production scale should be not less than 5000 tons/year;Use the independence of ionic type rare-earth ore smelting separation enterprise production scale should be not less than 3000 tons/year.Rare earth metal smelting enterprise production scale should be not less than 2000 tons/year(elaborating).

　　以上各类固定资产投资项目最低资本金比例不得低于20%。

Above the minimum capital ratio of fixed assets investment projects shall be not less than 20%.

　　当时有专家对此表示，提高对稀土企业的准入门槛，不仅是为了避免行业恶性竞争，更重要的是为了提升我国稀土行业整体生产、经营质量。在准入门槛提高之后，预计全国有将近20%的产能将会被淘汰。

Some experts said at the time,Improve the admittance threshold of rare earth enterprise,Industry is not only in order to avoid vicious competition,More important is to enhance the overall production of rare earth industry in China/Quality of management.After the admittance threshold to improve,Nearly 20% of the nation's production capacity is expected to will be eliminated.

　　点评：根据《条件》要求，开采稀土矿产资源，应依法取得采矿许可证和安全生产许可证。矿山企业应严格按照批准的开发利用方案和开采计划进行开采，严禁无证、越界开采和使用破坏环境、浪费资源的采选矿工艺。国外市场需求低迷，国家借此机会调整稀土产业整合，提升国内稀土产品应用，改变过去以出口稀土矿为主的模式，扩大国内对稀土的需求。曾有一家民营企业负责人透漏：国家最终会把国内稀土整合为2-3家大型集团企业，这些企业有能力做从开采到稀土应用的高科技产品“一条龙”式的产业链，而且，这些企业将来也有助于我国稀土在国际上的话语权；而民企的日子将会越来越难过。

Comment on:According to the[conditions]requirements,Mining rare earth mineral resources,Should be obtained in accordance with the mining license and safety production license.The development and utilization of mining enterprises shall be in strict accordance with the approved plan and mining plan mining,It is strictly prohibited without the l/c/Cross-border mining and use of environmental harm/Waste of resources in dressing process.Foreign market demand downturn,Countries like to take this opportunity to adjust the rare earth industry integration,Boost domestic rare earth products,Change the past mainly export rare earth ore pattern,To expand domestic demand for rare earth.Have a private enterprises:Countries will eventually to integrate the domestic rare earth for 2-3 large group enterprises,The enterprise has the ability to do from mining to rare earth application of high-tech products"A dragon"Type of industry chain,and,These enterprises can also help in the future of China's rare earth in the world right;And the day of the corporation will be more and more sad.

　　稀土采矿证由113个减少至67个

Reduce the rare earth mining license from 113 to 67

　　2012年12月13日，国土资源部官方网站发布消息称，我国不断加大了对稀土等优势矿种的保护力度，全国稀土采矿权将由113个减少至67个。

On December 13, 2012,The ministry of land and resources announced the official web site,In our country continuously strengthen the protection of advantage of rare earth minerals,The rare earth mining will reduce from 113 to 67.

　　对此，有分析人士指出，“我国稀土采矿权骤减将近一半，早在2012年9月份，就基本有了定论，至于是否按此执行，尚不清楚。但可以证实的是，国家整顿治理稀土开发乱局已经开始从源头上发力。”

this,With analysts said,"China's rare earth mining tumbled nearly half,As early as 2012 in September,The jury is basic,As to whether or not according to the implementation,It is not clear.But can be confirmed,State overhaul management of rare earth development mess has been sent from the source."

　　此前，相关部门已对全国10个稀土探矿权、113个稀土采矿权予以公告，各地也采取措施防止乱采滥挖，主管部门也出台文件，严格稀土总量控制指标，研究提高稀土开采准入条件和门槛。

The previous,Related department has set up a file in the 10 rare earth mineral exploration right/113 rare earth mining right shall make an announcement,Also take measures to prevent the natural dig around,Department also issued documents,Strict control of total rare earth,Research to improve access to rare earth mining conditions and the threshold.

　　国土资源部在9月13日已经对外发布《稀土探矿权名单》和《稀土采矿权名单》。公开名单显示，全国稀土探矿证为10个，采矿证则从113个削减至67个，削减幅度达到四成。

The ministry of land and resources on September 13, has been released[Rare earth mineral exploration right list]and[Rare earth mining right list].Open list,The rare earth prospecting is ten,The mining license from 113 to 67,Cut by forty percent.

　　根据9月13日公布的采矿权名单来看，江西省独揽了45张采矿证，居各省区之首。而在江西的45张采矿证中，赣州稀土矿业独揽43张，赣州虔力稀土新能源1张，万安江钨稀土矿业1张。

Released on September 13, according to the list of the mining right,Jiangxi province monopolised 45 a mining license,In all the provinces.One of 45 in jiangxi from the mining license,Ganzhou rare earth mining monopolised 43,Ganzhou ungodly force rare earth new energy 1,WanAnJiang tungsten and rare earth mining 1.

　　另据资料显示，虽然，根据名单公布的江西省拥有45张稀土采矿证，但跟之前相比已经减少了近一半，之前仅赣州地区，所拥有的采矿证就有88张。

According to data shows,although,According to the list of jiangxi province has 45 pieces of rare earth mining license,But compared with before has decreased by nearly half,Before only ganzhou district,Have the mining license is 88.

　　除去江西省的45张采矿证外，其余采矿证分布情况是：四川7张，福建5张，广东3张，云南2张，内蒙古2张，湖南、广西、山东各1张。

Removal of jiangxi province 45 a mining license,The rest of the mining license distribution is:Sichuan seven,Fujian five,Guangdong three,Yunnan 2,Inner Mongolia 2,hunan/guangxi/Shandong each 1.

　　点评：稀土采矿权大幅减少，目的是改变稀土矿山“多、小、散、乱”的局面，作为稀土产业链源头的矿山开采环节开始逐步向大企业倾斜，有利于稀土行业的继续整合。

Comment on:A significant reduction of rare earth mining right,Purpose is to change the rare earth mining"More than/small/scattered/disorderly"The situation of,As a source of the rare earth industry chain link of mining began gradually to the big enterprise tilt,Conducive to the continued integration of rare earth industry.

　　自2011年以来，稀土产品价格在政策驱动和游资炒作下大幅上涨，即便2012年市场价格出现回落，但主要产品价格仍比2011年同期高两倍左右。在高额利润的刺激下，原本就存在的乱采乱挖、无计划、超计划生产、污染环境等现象更加严重。

Since 2011,Rare earth products prices rose sharply under policy driven and hot money speculation,Even if the market price down in 2012,But mainly product price is still higher than the same period in 2011 two times the left and right sides.Under the stimulus of high profits,Originally is the natural dig/all/overproduce/The phenomenon such as more serious environmental pollution.

　　包钢稀土连续停产稀土价格不涨反跌

Baotou rare earth continuous production of rare earth price is not up - down

　　2012年12月24日晚间，北方稀土行业龙头企业包钢稀土再发部分冶炼分离企业继续停产公告。

On December 24, 2012, in the evening,The rare earth industry leading enterprise baotou rare earth smelting send parts to separate enterprise to continue production.

　　根据公告内容显示，继公司公告过的自2012年10月23日起，公司所属使用包头稀土矿的焙烧、冶炼分离企业及使用南方稀土矿的全南包钢晶环公司、信丰包钢新利公司停产两个月以来，稀土市场略有改善，但未有根本好转。公司根据目前市场运行情况，决定所属包头地区的焙烧、冶炼分离企业继续停产一个月。

According to the announcement,The company announced that since October 23, 2012,The company belongs to the use of baotou rare earth ore roasting/Smelting enterprises and the use of the rare earth ore separation the south baotou crystal ring/Go before baotou xinli company for two months,The rare earth market slightly improved,But no improvement at all.The company according to the current market situation,Decided to belong to baotou region of roasting/Separation of smelting enterprises to continue production a month.

　　同时，公司相应继续暂停向有关焙烧、冶炼分离企业的原料供应。

At the same time,The company continue to suspend relevant to the roasting/Separation of smelting enterprise supply of raw materials.

　　据记者统计，12月24日，碳酸稀土的均价为3.4万元/吨，氧化镧的均价为5.05万元/吨，氧化铈的价格为5万元/吨，氧化鐠的均价为41万元/吨，氧化钕的价格为41.5万元/吨，而相比较11月23日，上述产品的价格，可以明显看出，稀土产品的价格又有所下降，11月23日，碳酸稀土的均价为3.75万元/吨，氧化镧的均价为5.9万元/吨，氧化铈的均价为5.7万元/吨，氧化镨的均价为41万元。吨，氧化钕的均价为43万元/吨。

According to reporter statistics,On December 24,Rare earth carbonate the average price of 34000 yuan/ton,Lanthanide oxide of the average price for 50500 yuan/ton,Cerium oxide for the price of 50000 yuan/ton,Oxidation pr the average price of 410000 yuan/ton,The price of neodymium oxide for 415000 yuan/ton,November 23, and compared,The price of the above products,Can be obvious,The price of rare earth products has dropped again,November 23,,Rare earth carbonate the average price of 37500 yuan/ton,Lanthanide oxide of the average price for 59000 yuan/ton,Cerium oxide of the average price for 57000 yuan/ton,Oxidation of pr average price is 410000 yuan.t,Neodymium oxide of the average price for 430000 yuan/ton.

　　相比起来，仅有氧化镨一种产品的价格基本持平，而其余多种产品价格均有下降。

By contrast,Only oxidation pr same the price of a product,But the rest of the product prices are down.

　　点评：目前整个稀土下游产业需求低迷，并且在未来1至2年恐怕不会大幅增长，如果稀土行业的根本问题得不到解决，停产对稀土价格很难起到提振作用。

Comment on:At present the whole of rare earth downstream industry needs,And I'm afraid I won't be a sharp increase in the next 1 to 2 years,If the rare earth industry the fundamental issues are resolved,Production of rare earth prices it is difficult to have rallied.

　　另外，国内稀土行业目前呈现出“小、多、乱”的特点。若一部分企业停产拉动了行业复苏，就会有更多的企业投产，这样产能就在持续增加而没有减少。

In addition,The domestic rare earth industry at present"small/More than/disorderly"The characteristics of the.If part of the enterprise production pull the recovery industry,There will be more enterprises put into production,So the capacity continues to increase rather than decrease.

　　美欧日玩“规则游戏” 发难中国稀土出口

The us and Europe, play"Rules of the game" Taking China's rare earth export

　　2012年6月27日，欧盟委员会、美国和日本向世界贸易组织(WTO)请求启动争端解决机制并成立专家组，解决中国限制稀土等原材料出口的争端。

On June 27, 2012,The European commission/The United States and Japan to the world trade organization(The world trade organization (WTO))Request to start the dispute settlement mechanism and set up a panel,Solve China limit the export of raw materials such as rare earth dispute.

　　而这一事件的发端正是缘于去年3月13日，欧盟、美国和日本将中国17种稀土以及钨和钼的出口限制政策诉诸于WTO。对此，工业和信息化部部长苗圩曾在3月13日接受新华社记者专访时表示，中方一旦被起诉将会主动应诉。

And the start of the event is due to last year on March 13,The European Union/The United States and Japan will China 17 kinds of rare earth and tungsten and molybdenum policy of export restrictions to resort to the The world trade organization (WTO).this,Minister of industry and informatization MiaoWeiCeng on March 13, accept xinhua news agency reporter when the interview said,China once charged will be actively responding.

　　按照WTO规定，各国政府在请求专家组解决争端前，必须先自行协商60天。而自3月开始的2个多月时间里，欧盟、美国和日本三方认为磋商和沟通无果，故而在6月份时提请WTO成立专家组并启动争端解决程序。

According to the provisions of the The world trade organization (WTO),Governments in the request for the panel before the settlement of disputes,Negotiation must be 60 days.Since the beginning of the March 2 months time,The European Union/The United States and Japan three parties that consultation and communication security forces,So in June when submitted to the The world trade organization (WTO) set up expert group and start the dispute settlement procedures.

　　欧美日是全球最主要的发达经济体，也是中国稀土的主要出口市场，他们的联合诉讼，将中国的稀土贸易争端推到了国际博弈的风口浪尖，并成为舆论热切关注的焦点。

Europe and the United States is the world's major developed economies,Is also China's rare earth's main export markets,Their joint action,Pushing China's rare earth trade disputes to the extent of the international game,And become the focus of attention of the public opinion eagerly.

　　美欧发达国家和中国在原材料出口问题上的分歧在几年前就已产生。早在2009年，欧盟、美国和墨西哥就先后将中国的原材料出口限制政策告上WTO，所列举的原材料包括铝土、焦炭、萤石、镁、锰、硅铁、硅化碳、黄磷和锌共9种；而2012年1月30日WTO的最后裁定结果认为中国限制这9种原材料的出口违反了国际贸易规则。

American and European developed countries and China on the export of raw materials issue of differences in a few years ago.As early as in 2009,The European Union/The United States and Mexico will have to China's raw material export restrictions policy against the The world trade organization (WTO),The list of raw materials including alumina sand/coke/fluorite/magnesium/manganese/ferrosilicon/Chloride carbon/Yellow phosphorus and zinc were nine;And at the end of January 30, 2012, the The world trade organization (WTO) ruling suggests Chinese restrictions on the export of the 9 kinds of raw materials in violation of the international trade rules.

　　而这一做法无异于大大鼓励了上述发达国家对中国稀土出口措施提起诉讼的“决心”。

And this practice is greatly encouraged the developed countries of the rare earth export measures filed a lawsuit in China"Determined to".

　　点评：中国出于保护环境和资源的考虑对稀土的开采、生产和出口进行管理与限制是合情合理的。

Comment on:China's consideration for the protection of the environment and resources of rare earth mining/Production and export of management and the limit is reasonable.

　　近年来，中国出于保护环境和资源的目的，效仿其他国家的做法，对稀土的开采、生产和出口进行管理与限制，这些措施是完全合乎情理的。但一些发达国家因为受到稀土进口价格大幅上涨的冲击就挑起事端，一方面在保护着本国的稀土资源，另一方面却又指责中国，这完全是对人对己双重标准的做法，将“己所不欲”施于中国。 

In recent years,China for the purpose of protecting the environment and resources,Follow the lead of other countries,Of rare earth mining/Production and export management and limitations,These measures are completely justified.But some developed countries because of the impact of rare earth import prices rise sharply and start something,On the one hand, in protecting the country's rare earth resources,On the one hand, and accused China of,It is for people to have a double standard,Will be"Don't want to"Was in China. 

　　编者按：稀土市场涨涨落落，经历过价格不如白菜的时代，到价格贵如“切糕”的日子，2012年，稀土价格再度回落，涨落之间，其市场正经历着不断完善的过程。

Editor's note:The rare earth market ZhangZhangLaLa,Experienced a price as the era of Chinese cabbage,Price to you if"QieGao"The day of the,In 2012,,The rare earth price again,Fluctuation between,The market is experiencing the process of continuous improvement.

　　2012年，针对国内稀土行业集中度低、产业竞争力差、稀土定价权缺失等问题，工信部提出稀土行业将加速整合，形成2至3家大型稀土产业集团。

In 2012,,In view of the domestic rare earth industry concentration is low/Industry competitiveness is poor/Lack of rare earth pricing, etc,Work letter of rare earth industry will accelerate the integration are put forward,Form 2 to 3 large rare earth industry group.

　　而从近日公布的2013年稀土产品出口配额和行业重组情况来看，2013年稀土行业的版图将出现明显变化。

From the recently released 2013 rare earth products export quotas and industry restructuring situation,The territory of the rare earth industry in 2013 will be apparent change.

　　如今，虽然稀土价格指数跌幅过半，但随着国内稀土行业整合步伐的加快，从2012年年底开始，部分稀土永磁类上市公司已重新焕发生机。

now,Although rare earth price index dropped more than half,But with the quickening pace of integration of domestic rare earth industry,Since the end of 2012,Part of the rare earth permanent magnet of listed company has with renewed vigor.

　　稀土行业协会酝酿多年终成立

Rare earth industry association brewing more year-end

　　2012年4月8日，是中国稀土行业史上值得纪念的日子，因为在当天，酝酿了4、5年，隶属于工信部的中国稀土行业协会终于成立了。

On April 8, 2012,Is the memorable in the history of China rare earth industry,Because in the day,Brewing four/5 years,Belong to labor letter department of China rare earth industry association was established at last.

　　事实上，早在10年前，中国有色进出口总公司等多家稀土企业就曾经提出建立稀土协会，到去年，中国有色金属工业协会也申请过设立稀土分会，由于种种原因，申请没有被批准。但随着近年来稀土行业的发展，这个备受关注的“协会”再次被提起。2011年7月，工信部特别提出加快推进中国稀土行业协会组建工作。直至2012年4月8日，这个“国家级”协会终于挂牌。

As a matter of fact,As early as ten years ago,China nonferrous import and export corporation and a number of rare earth enterprise once proposed rare earth association,To the last year,China nonferrous metals industry association also apply for establishment of rare earth,A variety of reasons,Application is not approved.But along with the development of the rare earth industry in recent years,This concern"association"Mentioned again.In July 2011,The letter department specifically accelerating China's rare earth industry association form work.Until April 8, 2012,this"national"Association finally listed.

　　而之所以选择在4月8日成立，恐怕还与外因相关。2012年3月中旬，美欧日联手在世贸组织就所谓的中国限制稀土元素出口一事提起诉讼，从而将中国的稀土问题推上了国际贸易争端的风口浪尖；而当时多位专家建议，我国如有一个协会组织通过非官方途径积极应对，无疑将打开促进问题解决的新途径。

And chose was established in April 8,I'm afraid is still associated with the external cause.In march of 2012 in the middle,The us and Europe, in the world trade organization (wto) is the so-called China's export restrictions on rare earth elements in a lawsuit,To China's rare earth issues on the international trade disputes of the outlet wave;At that time many expert advice,If there is an association in China through the unofficial way to actively respond to,Will open the new way of problem solving.

　　至此，酝酿已久的中国稀土行业协会在京成立，据悉该协会包括了中铝、五矿、包钢集团、赣州稀土等155家会员，囊括了国内几乎所有的稀土企业。

So far,Brewing for a long time of China's rare earth industry association was established in Beijing,It is reported the association including the al/minmetals/Clad steel group/Ganzhou 155 members, etc,Include almost all the domestic rare earth enterprises.

　　点评：虽然中国稀土行业协会已经成立，但其前景并不被有关专家看好。曾有业内分析师认为，155家会员企业如果能形成统一声音，那将是市场的绝对控制力量，但是从中国钢铁业等行业协会这些年所能起到的作用看，中国稀土行业协会应对外部困难的能力有限。

Comment on:Although China's rare earth industry association has been established,But the prospect is not be valued by experts.Have been in the industry analysts say,155 member companies if you can form a unified voice,That will be the absolute control of market power,But over the years from China's steel industry and other industry association can play a role,China's rare earth industry association to external difficult ability is limited.

　　而更令人不解的是，在4月8日成立大会当天，多家媒体却被挡在了成立大会的门外。

And what is more don't understand is,On April 8, the inaugural meeting of the day,Many media was blocked in the door of the founding conference.

　　按照官方的说法，中国稀土行业协会将在政府和企业的桥梁作用方面发挥很大作用，也给企业创造了一个平台，将各种意见以一个统一的发言渠道出现在整个行业中，把现在出现的一些问题反映给政府。但其成立的“大喜之日”却将众多媒体拒之门外，在成立之后的又异常低调，从未发出任何“声音”，这一蹊跷事件也不由得不让众多媒体猜测，这个半官方、半民间的团体究竟为何成立？

According to the official statement,China's rare earth industry association will be the bridge between the government and enterprises plays a great role,Also to the enterprise to create a platform,Will all kinds of ideas to a unified speech channel in the industry,Now some problems reflect to the government.But the establishment of the"Wedding day"But many media will be rejected,After the establishment of abnormal low profile,Never send any"voice",The strange events also hard not let many media speculation,The semiofficial/Half of the group established why?

　　地方稀土集团成立 “对阵”央企

Where rare earth group was established "against"renmin

　　自2012年4月8日，稀土行业协会成立大会上，有专家表示对于行业整合，2012年我国将加快推进大集团组建，形成2-3家大型企业后，我国南方各稀土产区纷纷加码，相继成立了多个地方稀土集团。

Since April 8, 2012,Rare earth industry association was set up in the meeting,Experts say the industry integration,In 2012 China will accelerate the big group,Form after 2-3 large companies,All in the south of China rare earth production are selling,Have established more than local rare earth group.

　　而对于这些稀土集团的成立，有分析师认为，因为牵扯众多的利益方，而现在南方稀土整合的趋势，大有打破原来的局面，各地方纷纷“保举”地方企业，组建地方稀土集团来抗衡央企“独大”的局面。

And for these rare earth the establishment of the group,Analysts think,Involving the interests of many parties,And now south of rare earth integration trend,Has broken the original situation,The local in succession"zhong"Local businesses,Form where rare earth group against renmin"Only big"The situation of.

　　2011年5月，国务院下发《关于促进稀土行业持续健康发展的若干意见》，要求依法开展稀土专项整治，加快稀土行业整合。随后，各地开始加快地方稀土整合的步伐。

In May 2011,Issued by the state council[Several Suggestions on promoting the sustainable and healthy development of rare earth industry],Requirements in accordance with the law to develop rare earth campaigns,To speed up the integration of the rare earth industry.then,All began to speed up the pace of the integration of local rare earth.

　　2012年5月，广东省人民政府正式发布《关于推进我省稀土行业整合的意见》，对广东省进行稀土资源以及稀土产业链的整合提出时间表。由此，稀土行业整合进入实质性阶段，广东省拉开南方稀土行业整合的大幕。

In May 2012,Guangdong province people's government officially released[On promoting the integration of the rare earth industry in our province],In guangdong province of rare earth resources and timetable of rare earth industry chain integration.thus,Rare earth industry integration into the substantive stage,Guangdong province opened the curtain of the rare earth industry integration.

　　截至去年，湖南、内蒙、广东、福建等省市已经成立了省级稀土产业集团，逐步完成省内稀土的整合。

By the end of last year,hunan/Inner Mongolia/guangdong/Fujian province have set up the rare earth industry group at the provincial level,Step by step to complete the integration of rare earth in the province.

　　但从各省抛出的整合方案来看，各省方案多以省内大型稀土企业为主，实力雄厚的央企并未能参与到地方稀土整合中来。央企与地方在整合中的利益冲突不言而喻。

But from the perspective of the integration plan of each throw,All schemes is given priority to with large rare earth enterprises in the province,Strength of renmin and not involved in the local integration of rare earth.Renmin and local conflicts of interest in the integration is self-evident.

　　点评： 自2011年中央实施稀土大企业大集团战略后，地方加快步伐组建稀土集团，同时，央企也对地方稀土资源虎视眈眈。央企在资金、产业链和技术方面有优势，地方国企拥有最重要的矿权，这注定是一场难以摆平的博弈战。以湖南稀土整合方案为例，此前整合了湖南有色金属控股集团的五矿集团，并未能深度参与此次湖南稀土的大整合。央企的缺位，或更加彰显地方政府对稀土资源的掌控决心。

Comment on: Since 2011, the central after implementing the strategy of rare earth big enterprise group,Where is speeding up a rare earth group,At the same time,Renmin to local rare earth resources.Renmin in capital/Industrial chain and technology has an advantage,Local state-owned enterprises have the most important mineral rights,It is destined to be a game that is straight.In the case of hunan rare earth integration scheme,After integrating the minmetals group of hunan nonferrous metals holding group,Depth and failed to participate in the hunan rare earth of integration.The absence of the renmin,Or more reveal the control of rare earth resources of local government determination.