2012年欧美对华贸易保护措施在数量上没有太大变化，但在涉案金额上却增长迅猛。与此同时，反规避、行政复审、日落复审等措施层出不穷。光伏产业更成为欧美对华贸易保护关注点，新能源和高科技产业成贸易保护打击重点。对此，中国积极采取应对和反制措施，利用贸易救济和世贸争端解决机制维护企业和国家利益。

Europe and the United States in 2012 China trade protection measures in number do not have too big change,But the amount involved is growing rapidly.meanwhile,anti-circumvention/Administrative review/Measures such as sunset review emerge in endlessly.Photovoltaic industry in Europe and America more become China trade protection concerns,New energy and high-tech industry into trade protection against key.this,China has actively take responsive and counter measures,Use of trade relief and the wto dispute settlement mechanism maintenance enterprise and national interests.

　　王璐

Jade (wang lu

　　2012年中国对外贸易发展风景这边独好。在全球经济复苏缓慢、欧债危机影响持续蔓延的情况下，中国经济和对外贸易在逆境中平稳发展，取得了一系列令人兴奋的成绩。根据商务部的统计数据显示，前三季度，中国进出口总额达28424.7亿美元，同比增长6.2%，贸易顺差1483.1亿美元，增长39.1%。

In 2012, the Chinese foreign trade development you've got a great view.In the global economic recovery is slow/The debt crisis continues to spread across the cases,China's economy and foreign trade in a steady development,Made a series of exciting results.According to the ministry of commerce of the statistical data shows,The first three quarters,China import and export amount of us $2.84247 trillion,Year-on-year growth of 6.2%,The trade surplus of $148.31 billion,Growth of 39.1%.

　　然而，与此同时，中国也越来越频繁地遭遇贸易保护主义的伏击。商务部《对外贸易形势报告(2012年秋季)》指出，2012年前三季度，中国出口产品遭遇国外贸易救济调查55起，增长38%。全球贸易预警组织称，国际金融危机爆发后，全球40%的贸易保护主义措施针对中国。崛起中的中国已然成为贸易保护主义的“最大受害者”。

however,meanwhile,China is also more and more frequently encounter protectionist ambush.The ministry of commerce[Foreign trade situation report(In the fall of 2012)]Pointed out that,The third quarter of 2012 years ago,China's export products encounter foreign trade remedy investigation 55 up,Growth of 38%.Global trade warning organization says,The international financial crisis after the outbreak,40% of the world's protectionist measures in China.Rising China has become the trade protectionism"Biggest victims".

　　欧美反倾销反补贴势头未减

Europe and the United States anti-dumping countervailing momentum was not decreased

　　欧盟与美国，不仅是中国最大的两个贸易伙伴，亦是对中国采取贸易保护措施最多的国家和地区。同往年一样，2012年欧美对华反倾销、反补贴调查依然来势汹汹。早在年初，美国商务部就决定对中国输美应用级风塔产品发起反倾销和反补贴立案调查。不久，欧委会也发布公告，宣布对中国出口至欧盟的陶瓷餐具及厨房用具发起反倾销调查。自此，欧美针对中国产品不断采取各种贸易保护措施，广泛涉及冶金、化工、食品、能源等行业。

The European Union and the United States,Not only is China's two largest trading partners,Also is the Chinese to take trade protection measures of most countries and regions.Similar to previous years,In 2012, Europe and the United States anti-dumping/Countervailing investigation still come to look for trouble.Early in the beginning of the year,The us department of commerce decided to lose to China beauty application level wind tower products launched anti-dumping and countervailing initiate an investigation.soon,The commission also issued,Announced on China's export to the eu's ceramic tableware and kitchenware anti-dumping investigation.Since then,Europe and the United States against Chinese products constantly take all kinds of trade protection measures,Widely in metallurgy/chemical/food/Energy industries.

　　根据商务部公布的案件统计，截至2012年12月19日，美国对华新提起反倾销反补贴调查共计3起，其中“双反”调查两起，较之2011年略有下降。作出反倾销反补贴裁决的有9起，其中终裁的有4起。对中国继续征收反倾销反补贴税的有3起，较之2011年有所下降。然而，受欧债危机的持续影响，欧盟2012年对华新提起反倾销反补贴调查8起，相比2011年的7起增加了15%，裁决采取反倾销措施的有5起，继续征收反倾销税的有2起。综合可见，2012年欧美对华“双反”措施虽未及往年频繁，但势头并未减弱。

According to the ministry of commerce announced case statistics,By the end of 2012 on December 19,,The United States a new China anti-dumping countervailing investigation on a total of 3,the"Double reverse"The two survey,Compared with a slight decrease in 2011.Make anti-dumping countervailing award nine up,Among them the final four up.To China continues to anti-dumping countervailing duties of up to three,Compared with 2011 declined.however,By the debt crisis of continuous influence,The European Union in 2012 a new China anti-dumping countervailing investigation since August,Compared with 2011 7 up increased by 15%,Award of anti-dumping measures taken five up,Continue to impose an anti-dumping duty on the two up.Comprehensive visible,Europe and the United States to China in 2012"Double reverse"Though measures less than usual frequently,But momentum has not weakened.

　　贸易保护措施层出不穷

Trade protection measures emerge in endlessly

　　2012年欧美对华贸易保护除了惯用的反倾销、反补贴措施之外，反规避、“日落复审”和行政复审等措施也频频出现，反映出欧美对华贸易保护体系错综复杂，贸易保护主义不断加强。

Europe and the United States in 2012 China trade protection in addition to conventional anti-dumping/Outside the countervailing measures,anti-circumvention/"Sunset review"Review and administrative measures also repeatedly appeared,Europe and the United States reflects China trade protection system is complicated,Trade protectionism continuously strengthen.

　　根据商务部公布的案件统计，2012年欧美分别对中国提起1起反规避调查。由于目前在反规避问题上没有统一规范的国际规则，欧美对华反规避措施事实上成为欧美对华贸易新壁垒。

According to the ministry of commerce announced case statistics,Europe and the United States to China in 2012 respectively to 1 on anti-circumvention investigation.Because the present in the anti-circumvention problem has no unified standard international rules,Europe and the United States to China anti-circumvention measures in fact become Europe and the United States to China trade new barriers.

　　与此同时，复杂且颇具争议的“日落复审”依然受到欧盟和美国的普遍青睐，导致贸易保护措施在一定程度上延续和扩大。根据商务部公布的案件统计，2012年欧盟共发起3起反倾销日落复审。美国共发起5起日落复审，占复审案件的71%，其中4起为快速日落复审，占日落复审案件的80%。

meanwhile,Complex and controversial"Sunset review"By the European Union and the United States still favor generally,Lead to trade protection measures in a certain extent continue and expand.According to the ministry of commerce announced case statistics,In 2012 the European Union have launched three the sunset anti-dumping review.The United States launched a total of 5 the sunset review,Accounted for 71% of cases,The four for quick sunset review,Accounted for 80% of the sunset review case.

　　根据美国反倾销法，在“快速日落复审”中，美国国际贸易委员会仅仅基于一些可获得的事实对日落复审作出损害裁决，而不启动听证程序或进行深入调查。这种“快速”程序极大地增加被调查案件获得肯定性终裁的可能性，成为反倾销措施进一步延续的工具。在美国2012年进行的日落复审案件中，有6起案件获得终裁，且无一例外地被认定损害成立并继续征收5年的反倾销税。例如，据此我输美的圆锥滚子轴承将被采取长达30年的反倾销措施。

According to the American antidumping law,in"Fast sunset review"in,United States international trade commission only based on some available facts sunset review to make damage award,And don't start hearing procedure or make further investigation.this"fast"Program greatly increase the investigation for the possibility of a final affirmative case,Anti-dumping measures become further continue tool.In the United States in 2012 cases of sunset review,There are six cases get final,And that was no exception by damage and continue to collect 5 years of anti-dumping duties.Such as,I lose according to the circular cone roller bearings will be taken up to 30 years of anti-dumping measures.

　　涉案金额激增高新产业遭重击

Involving a value surge, hi-tech industry was thumping

　　2012年贸易摩擦在数量上并未有太大变化，但是涉案金额却呈几何级数增长。根据商务部的统计，2012年前三季度中国出口产品遭遇国外贸易救济措施涉案金额为243亿美元，相比2011年全年贸易摩擦涉及的贸易额，增长约8倍。仅欧盟对华光伏电池反倾销案一个案件，涉案金额就超过200亿美元，是迄今为止欧盟对华发起的最大规模的贸易诉讼。

In 2012, trade friction in number did not have too big change,But the amount involved is a geometric progression growth.According to the statistics of the ministry of commerce,The third quarter of 2012 years ago China's export products encounter foreign trade relief measures involved in the amount of $24.3 billion,Compared with 2011 annual trade friction involved in the trade,Growth about eight times.Only eu's pv cell anti-dumping case a case,Involving a value is more than 20 billion dollars,Is by far the largest of the eu's launch of litigation.

　　2012年，欧盟和美国不约而同地向中国的高科技和新能源产业挥舞“贸易保护”的大棒。去年3月21日，美国商务部公布对中国光伏产品反补贴调查的初裁结果，决定对从中国光伏企业进口的产品征收2.9%至4.73%的反补贴税。5月17日，美国商务部又宣布了对中国光伏电池及组件的反倾销税初裁结果，决定对从无锡尚德、天合光能等中国太阳能公司进口的太阳能光伏电池和光伏组件征收31.14%至249.96%的反倾销税。

In 2012,,The European Union and the United States happen to coincide to China's high technology and new energy industry with"Trade protection"Big stick.Last year on March 21,,The us department of commerce announced on China pv products countervailing investigation at the beginning of the cutting results,Decided to import from China pv enterprises product collection of 2.9% to 4.73% of the countervailing duty.On May 17,,The us department of commerce announced on China pv cell and components at the beginning of the anti-dumping duty cutting results,Decided to from wuxi suntech/Pv solar energy company, Chinese imports of solar cells and pv modules collection of 31.14% to 249.96% of the anti-dumping duties.

　　无独有偶。9月6日，欧盟正式宣布对华光伏组件、关键零部件等发起反补贴调查，涉及产品范畴超过此前美国的光伏“双反”案。一时间，中国企业遭遇重创，光伏产业发展形势严峻。继向中国光伏产业发难后，美商务部在12月18日又对中国输美应用级风塔产品案作出终裁，决定征收44.99%至70.63%的反倾销税和21.86%至34.81%的反补贴税。

similarly.On September 6,,The eu formally announced that China pv modules/The key parts by countervailing investigation,Product category in the United States more than previous pv"Double reverse"case.time,China enterprise faltered,Pv industry development the grim situation.The photovoltaic industry to China after the revolt,The ministry of commerce beauty in December, and again to China lost beauty application level wind tower products to make the final,Decided to impose anti-dumping duties of 44.99% to 70.63% and 21.86% to 34.81% of the countervailing duty.

　　除新能源产业外，中国的高科技产业也未能在欧美贸易保护主义的阴影下幸免。8月21日，美国宣布对包括中国最大电信设备制造商中兴和华为在内的13家企业生产的无线电子设备发起“337调查”。作为贸易保护的措施之一，“337调查”比反倾销制裁的威力更大，一旦受调查企业被认定违反《1930年美国关税法》的规定，将被禁止进口美国，失去在美国市场的销售资格。而另有报道称，欧盟也将以中兴和华为获得政府补贴为由，对两家企业发起反倾销调查，一旦裁定存在倾销，欧盟可能对中国企业开征惩罚性关税。

In addition to the new energy industry,China's high-tech industry also failed to Europe and the United States trade protectionism under the shadow of a shave.On August 21,The United States announced plans to include China's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer zte and huawei, 13 enterprises producing wireless electronic equipment launch"337 survey".As one of the trade protection measures,"337 survey"Anti-dumping sanctions than more powerful,Once identified by survey enterprise in violation of[In 1930 the United States tariff act]regulations,Will be banned imports of the United States,Lost in the U.S. market sale qualification.While other reports,The European Union also will be zte and huawei to receive government subsidies for,The two companies anti-dumping investigation,Once ruled that exist dumping,The eu may to the Chinese enterprise collecting the punitive tariffs.

　　中国积极强力“回应”

China has actively strength"response"

　　2012年，中国面对欧美轮番进行的贸易保护重击，一改以往被动接招、温和应对的做法，而是有效运用贸易救济措施，积极主动地采取反制措施，在贸易摩擦和贸易救济拉锯战中逐渐掌握主动权。

In 2012,,China in the face of Europe and the United States take turns of trade protection thump,Change before passive joint recruit/Mild to practice,But effective use trade relief measures,Actively take counter measures,In the trade friction and trade relief tug of war between the gradually grasp the initiative.

　　根据商务部发布的公告统计，2012年我国共发起6起反倾销反补贴立案调查，其中5起直接针对欧美产业。相比2011年发起的3起反倾销调查案件，不仅在数量上翻了近一番，而且在方式上也采取了欧美的惯常做法将反倾销和反补贴调查合并，加大了贸易救济的力度。

According to the ministry of commerce issued the announcement of statistics,In 2012, launched a total of six cases of anti-dumping countervailing initiate an investigation,Five up directly to Europe and the United States industry.Compared with 2011 launched anti-dumping investigation on three cases,Not only in the quantity over nearly a,And in the way of Europe and the United States has taken a usual practice will anti-dumping and countervailing investigation merger,Increased trade relief efforts.

　　除此之外，中国还积极运用世贸争端解决机制捍卫国家和产业权益。截至目前，2012年中国共向世贸组织提起3起争端解决案件。其中有2起涉及美国，分别是我诉美22类产品反补贴措施世贸争端案(DS437)和我诉美关税法修订法案(DS449)，两案均已进入专家组程序阶段，且涉案金额高达145.13亿美元。另外1起针对欧盟部分成员国的光伏补贴措施，启动世贸争端解决机制下的磋商。

In addition,China also actively use the wto dispute settlement mechanism to safeguard national interests and industry.So far,2012 years to the world trade organization (wto) between a 3 up dispute settlement case.There are 2 up in the United States,Were I v. beauty and products countervailing measures the wto dispute case(DS437)And I v. beauty tariff act amendment bill(DS449),The two have been into the group phase of program,And involving a value as high as $14.513 billion.In addition to the European Union member states 1 up part of the pv subsidy measures,Start the wto dispute settlement mechanism of consultation.

　　(作者单位：西安交通大学丝绸之路国际法与比较法研究所)

(The author unit:Xi 'an jiaotong university silk road international law and comparative law institute)