作者：庐喻旻

作者:The dormant YuMin

　　肆虐欧洲的债务危机与美国经济的疲软，使得以美国为首的西方世界大行新贸易保护主义。中国作为出口大国，频繁受到新贸易保护主义的制约。虽然政府和出口企业自身都采取了一定的应对措施，但效果并不理想。因此，研究新贸易保护主义的种种表现形式及其特点，对于中国政府与企业的良性发展有着现实的意义。

肆虐欧洲的债务危机与美国经济的疲软,Make big line in the western world, led by the United States, the new trade protectionism.China as an exporter,Restricted by the new trade protectionism frequently.Although the government and export companies themselves have taken certain measures,But the effect is not ideal.so,The new trade protectionism of various forms and characteristics,For the Chinese government has practical significance and the benign development of the enterprise.

　　新贸易保护主义表现形式多种多样

新贸易保护主义表现form多种多样

　　新贸易保护主义理论来源主要是新贸易理论和地区经济主义新贸易保护论。该领域的研究主要是通过对新贸易壁垒的描述，进而分析其对出口国、出口企业所产生的影响，最终提出出口企业及出口国的应对方式。在应对措施上主要达成了这样几个共识：第一，加强国际合作，共同阻止新贸易保护主义；第二，提高出口企业自身素质，转变出口结构；第三，充分发挥政府职能，健全快速反应机制等等。

新贸易保护主义理论来源主要是新贸易理论和地区经济主义新贸易保护论.In the field of research mainly through the description of the new trade barriers,Further analysis of its exporters/The impact of export enterprises,Finally to put forward the coping styles of export enterprises and exporters.In response to the several main agreement:The first,To strengthen international cooperation,To prevent the new trade protectionism;In the second,Improve the export enterprise their own quality,Change export structure;In the third,Give full play to the functions of the government,Improve the rapid response mechanism and so on.

　　新贸易保护主义的表现形式多种多样，被运用频率最高的分别是知识产权保护、技术措施、绿色壁垒、蓝色壁垒。

新贸易保护主义的表现form多种多样,By use frequency is highest is the protection of intellectual property rights respectively/Technical measures/Green barriers/Blue barriers.

　　知识产权壁垒主要是指在保护知识产权的名义下，对含有知识产权的商品，如专利产品、贴有合法商标的产品，以及享有著作权的书籍、唱片、计算机软件等实行进口限制（主要涉及的是有关平行进口的问题）；或者凭借其拥有的知识产权优势，超出知识产权法所授予的独占权或有限垄断权的范围，不公平或不合理地行使知识产权，实行“不公平贸易”。不难看出知识产权调查主要涉及的是高科技产品。对于从中国进口的各类具有一定竞争力或者技术含量的商品，西方国家往往采取一系列知识产权保护措施，诸如滥用TRIPS中有关实施方面的措施，对平行进口的严格限制、擅自制定规则等等。

知识产权壁垒主要是指在保护知识产权的名义下,Contains items of intellectual property rights,Such as patent products/With a legitimate trademark products,And shall enjoy the copyright of books/The record/Computer software, and other import restrictions(Mainly related to the question on the parallel import);Or with its own intellectual property rights,Beyond intellectual property law the scope of the exclusive rights granted or limited monopoly,Not fair or reasonable exercise of intellectual property rights,implement"Unfair trade".It is not difficult to see the intellectual property investigation is mainly related to the high-tech products.For all kinds of imports from China have certain competitiveness or technical content of the goods,Western countries often take a series of intellectual property protection,About the implementation of measures such as abuse of TRIPS,Strict limits on parallel import/Without authorization rules, and so on.

　　技术壁垒是发达国家运用最为频繁的一项壁垒。之所以使用最多，主要是因为技术措施具有合理性、复杂性、隐蔽性、灵活性等特点。发达国家往往通过严格、复杂的技术法规和技术标准、复杂的合格评定程序、严格的包装、标签规则等手段来制造技术壁垒，以限制中国产品的出口。

技术壁垒是发达国家运用最为频繁的一项壁垒.Most are used,Mainly because of technical measures has the rationality/complexity/concealment/Flexibility etc..Developed countries often through strict/Complicated technical regulations and standards/Complex conformity assessment procedures/Strict packaging/Label method such as the rules to make technical barriers,To limit the export of Chinese products.

　　绿色壁垒又称环境壁垒，是指那些以维护人类健康和环境安全为名而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的法律、法规和政策。在国际上，并没有“绿色壁垒”这个专有名词，而是“环境壁垒”。实际上，绿色壁垒真正成为一个流行的贸易壁垒是在二十世纪九十年代之后。大批发展中国家为了发展本国经济，不惜牺牲生态环境。大量的森林被砍伐，汽车尾气超标，垃圾的不合理处理，二氧化碳气体的过分排放等等共同加剧了地球生态的破坏。除此之外，传统的资本主义国家在长期的工业化发展之后，逐渐觉醒，将其工厂、化工产业大量转移到发展中国家是生态破坏的一个催化剂。在全球生态恶化的大背景下，绿色壁垒应运而生。

Green barriers又称Environmental barriers,Refers to the name of the safety to protect human health and the environment directly or indirectly to restrict or even prohibit trade laws/Regulations and policies.In the world,no"Green barriers"A proper noun,but"Environmental barriers".In fact,Green barriers真正成为一个流行的贸易壁垒是在二十世纪九十年代之after.A large number of developing countries to develop national economy,At the expense of the ecological environment.A large number of forests have been cut down,Automobile exhaust overweight,Garbage is not reasonable,Excessive emissions of carbon dioxide gas, and so on jointly contributed to the earth's ecological destruction.In addition to this,传统的资本主义国家在长期的工业化发展之after,Gradually awakening,The factory/Chemical industry a large number of transferred to developing countries is a catalyst of ecological destruction.In the backdrop of the global ecological crisis,Green barrier arises at the historic moment.

　　蓝色壁垒是打着保障劳动者劳动环境与生存环境旗号的新贸易壁垒。在贸易自由化的进程当中，传统的关税壁垒与非关税壁垒开始逐步被规范或者削减，在这样的大背景下，蓝色壁垒逐渐成为了新兴的和主流的新贸易壁垒。而蓝色壁垒的典型代表之一就是由美国经济优先权委员会牵头，根据《国际劳工公约组织》、《联合国儿童福利公约》、《世界人权宣言》所制定的SA8000国际标准。SA8000标准对企业做了极为严格的要求：不得使用或者支持使用童工；不得使用或支持使用强迫性劳动,也不得要求员工在受雇起始时交纳"押金"或寄存身份证件；应尊重所有员工结社自由和集体谈判权；反歧视原则；不得从事或支持体罚，精神或肉体胁迫以及言语侮辱等等。最近几年，发达国家依靠他们所制定的蓝色壁垒制裁我国出口企业，使得出口企业受到了极大的损失。

Blue barriers是打着保障劳动者劳动环境与生存环境旗号的新贸易壁垒.In the process of trade liberalization,The traditional tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers gradually be specification or cut,In this context,Blue barriers gradually become the emerging of new trade barriers and the mainstream.And blue barriers is one of the typical representative of economic priorities committee led by the United States,According to the[Convention on the international Labour organization]/[The United Nations convention on children's welfare]/[The universal declaration of human rights]SA8000 formulated by international standards.SA8000 standard to the enterprise made a very strict requirements:Shall not use or support the use of child labor;Shall not use or support the use of forced labor,Also shall not be required in employment starting pay of employees"The deposit"Or check credentials;Shall respect all workers right to freedom of association and collective bargaining;Anti-discrimination principle;Shall not engage in or support corporal punishment,Mental or physical coercion and verbal insults and so on.In recent years,Developed countries rely on their blue barriers set by sanctions against China's export enterprises,Export enterprises suffered great losses.

　　通过以上描述，作者认为新贸易保护主义具有如下特点：保护形式的合法性和隐蔽性；保护手段的多样性；保护的侧重点向农业转移；贸易保护呈区域化的趋势。

通过以上描述,The author thinks that the new trade protectionism has the following characteristics:To protect the legitimacy of the form and concealment;The diversity of protection;The emphasis of the protection to agriculture;Trade protection is the trend of regionalization.

　　打破新贸易保护主义重在开拓国内市场

打破新贸易保护主义重在Open up the domestic market

　　据世贸组织规定：当成员国在国际贸易过程中受到不公平待遇时，可以运用其本国制定的质量标准或技术标准加以规范其进口产品。因此，一些国家打着保护就业、稳定国内经济的旗号实施新贸易保护主义，可见保护形式具有合法性和隐蔽性。

据世贸组织规定:When member states when being unfairly treated in the process of international trade,Can use its own set of quality standards or technical standards to regulate the imports.so,In some countries to protect jobs/Stable under the banner of the domestic economy implementation of new trade protectionism,Visible form of protection has legitimacy and concealment.

　　保护手段趋于多样化是新贸易保护主义与传统贸易保护主义最大的不同。传统贸易壁垒主要指的是关税壁垒，即用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法，以限制和阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。然而，随着贸易自由化的不断深化，关税壁垒的实施范围在不断缩减，取而代之的是更具针对性和种类繁多的新贸易壁垒，诸如知识产权壁垒、技术措施、绿色壁垒、蓝色壁垒等。

保护手段趋于多样化是新贸易保护主义与传统贸易保护主义最大的不同.Traditional trade barriers mainly refers to the tariff barriers,Which impose high import duties and a variety of import surcharge,To limit and stop imports of foreign goods.however,With the deepening of trade liberalization,Tariff barriers to the implementation of the scope of shrinking,Instead it is more targeted and a wide variety of new trade barriers,Such as intellectual property barriers/Technical measures/Green barriers/The blue barriers, etc..

　　发达国家普遍对其农业实施了新贸易保护政策。首先，农业是关系国际民生的重要产业，保农业即保稳定。其次，从农民的阶级性角度讲，由于其从事的劳动单一，思想比较简单且统一，农业出了问题很容易上升到政治层面。第三，随着世界经济的普遍发展以及人民生活质量的提高，发展中国家的恩格尔系数连年下降，国际社会对于农业的保护普遍持较为宽松的意见，这无疑也助长了对农业的保护。发达国家对于农业的保护使得国际粮价大幅下跌，对发展中国家的粮食生产以及出口产生了巨大的影响。

发达国家普遍对其农业实施了新贸易保护政策.First of all,Agriculture is an important industrial relational international livelihood of the people,Agriculture (maintaining stability.The second,From the perspective of farmers to form,Due to its single is engaged in the work,Thought simple and unified,Agriculture out of the question is easy to rise to the political level.In the third,With the common development of the world economy and the improvement of people's quality of life,In developing countries, engel's coefficient declining,The international society for the protection of agriculture generally looser,This no doubt contributed to the protection of agriculture.For the protection of agriculture in the developed countries make international food prices fell sharply,For food production and export of developing countries has a huge influence.

　　新贸易保护主义正在向着区域化、集团化的方向发展。区域经济一体化是指在集团内部，成员国之间要素自由流动，实行自由贸易，对外构筑贸易壁垒，以此保护成员国的就业、市场，提高整体竞争力，共同应对外部国家的报复行为。区域经济一体化的快速发展，使新贸易保护主义呈现出区域化的趋势。

新贸易保护主义正在向着区域化/The direction of collectivization.Regional economic integration refers to the group,Elements flow freely between member states,Implement free trade,Foreign build barriers to trade,In order to protect members' jobs/The market,Improve the overall competitiveness,Jointly cope with the external state of retaliation.The rapid development of regional economic integration,The new trade protectionism presents the trend of regionalization.

　　在世界经济不景气的情况下新贸易保护主义来势汹汹，给我国出口企业以及国家造成不小的影响。正因如此，对于新贸易保护主义的研究可以帮助政府、企业更加清楚的认识掌握新贸易保护主义的成因、特点、形式，以及应对措施。笔者认为如果我国能够坚持扩大内需政策，扶植出口企业，尽可能的为企业扫平贸易障碍，鼓励出口企业提高自身核心竞争力，加快区域经济一体化建设。与此同时，企业自身提高素质，开拓国内市场，中国企业就能冲破新贸易保护主义的阻隔。

在世界经济不景气的情况下新贸易保护主义来势汹汹,To cause our country export enterprise and national no small impact.Because of this,The research can help the government of new trade protectionism/Companies more clear to grasp the causes of new trade protectionism/Characteristics of the/form,And the countermeasures.The author thinks that if can insist on expanding domestic demand policy in our country,To foster export enterprises,As far as possible out trade barriers for the enterprise,Encourage export enterprises to improve their core competitiveness,Speed up the construction of regional economic integration.At the same time,Improve the quality by themselves,Open up the domestic market,Chinese companies can break through the barrier of new trade protectionism.

　　（作者单位：宁波大学阳明学院）

(The author unit:Ningbo yangming university college)